My dissertation, not good academically, but gathered the information around what i knew on this subject which i tried to research within modules done at universities several times.
Better lay-out on the downloadable document just below:
DISSERTATION_SAAC_FINALE.docx
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An assessment of the failures at fighting
sexual abuses against children at the
local, national and international levels.
CONTENT
P. 1………. CONTENT
P. 2……….ABSTRACT
P. 4………. INTRODUCTION
P. 8……….I: VICTIMS AND FACTORS PUTTING THEM AT RISK.
P. 8……….a) Definition
P. 9……….b) how many victims? – and the statistics deficiency
P. 11…… c) Growing numbers
P. 12…… d) Victims’ profiles: Aggravating factors
P. 13…… e) Consequences of abuses: traumas and symptoms
P. 14…… II: THE MONETARISATION OF PEDOPHILIA AND ITS DE FACTO OR DE
JURE LEGALISATION
P. 17…… a) ‘Commercialisation’
P. 18…… b) Monetarisation.
P. 19 … d) The problem could be the law
1) Leniency
2) Legality, illegality
P. 19…… e) Testimonies, disclosure and judicial failures
P. 23…… III: THE PERPETRATORS WITHIN THE SOCIETY: VISIBILITY, FACILITIES,
SECLUSION AND SILENCING
P. 23…… a) Where
P. 23…… b) Migrations
P. 25…… c) Employability
P. 26…… d) By who
P. 26…… e) surroundings
P. 27…… f) Family
P. 27…… g) social services/care
P. 28…… h) Schools
P. 29…… i) Gender
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P. 30…… j) Mediatisation
P. 33…… k) Socio-economic and socio-cultural changes
P. 34…… l) Modernisation and the internet
P. 34…… IV: PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES
P. 33…… a) Convention
P. 34…… b) Dysfunctional: a system of impediments
P. 36…… c) Human right, duty or responsibility
P. 37…… d) Aid and Program’s solutions- holistic or specific
P. 38…… e) Raising awareness
P. 39…… f) Schools
P. 40…… g) Health reasons given as the redundant reasons for countering paedophilia, not
the necessary attacks on predators
P. 42…… e) With what to help?
P. 43…… h) The danger of a so powerful tool
P. 43…… LITERATURE REVIEW
P. 45…… a) Are collections of data working at all?
P. 46…… b) Data collection
P. 48…… c) Aggregation of data
P. 49…… d) Misappropriation of the language by professionals
P. 50…… e) Rehabilitation, resocialization?
P. 52…… f) Too little is conscientiously done
P. 51…… CONCLUSION
P. 57…… BIBLIOGRAPHY
P. 61…… APPENDIX
ABSTRACT
The first section of this paper is about the victims. Victims should be at the centre of the
greatest attention and emergency actions as sexual crimes against children leave the most
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profound social, mental, psychological, and physical scars and symptoms. Increasing
concerns and data available are still standing low compared to the scale of the abuses, and
even more when compared to ‘well-funded’ criminal networks and means of distribution
becoming more and more efficient and recognised to be facing patently insufficient law
enforcement.
Trafficking involves ‘trading exchanges’, so the financial dimension to it, the
‘commercialisation’ via ‘pornography’ and the notoriously gigantesque money-making
industry that ‘so-called prostitutions’ represents will be discussed. Moreover, within an
exploitative context reinforced by gender, social and work relations, one can also figure out
how atrocities might be linked with dire exploitative methods- just because of the fear or of
the mimicking or the replication of systems letting SAAC unaddressed. At the origin of this
fear or social reproduction; the whole societal systemi may have been found in many cases to
be complacent or to have let down victims and to have even led to their criminalisation,
impeaching in most cases disclosure and prosecution.
After having analysed (or through) who and what, the question of where will be under
scrutiny.
Places where sexual abuses against children (SAAC) happen or start interpellate on the
access of the abusers to the abused while SAAC are often perpetrated within the family, or
within the very surrounding of the child, in places and discourses where children are and are
therefore threatened with the abusers’ attempts to be at proximity. The final point will be on
how the work put in place are in turn helping curbing the progression of this scourge or how
they result in defeat.
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INTRODUCTION:
This paper will be looking at reasons for the failures to protect children from sexual crimes
against children (SAAC) in a comprehensive and successful manner. It will investigate the
detrimental roles of states’ institutions, businesses, and private individuals allowing SAAC to
perdure. The dramatic amount and pervasiveness of SAAC in society become even more hard
to believe when compared with the quasi total secrecy around it, they are left unreported and
unprosecuted. The very few scandals of SAAC mediatised represent only a little proportion
of the extent of those crimes, while no comprehensive measures seem to be taken to fight
actively against them. That taboo infiltrates all institutions, and the same applies to the way
politicians and policy makers react to them:, in letting them unaddressed, in silencing them
publically.
‘Growing number of victims’. This phrase is certainly the most shocking and widespread in
the literature on present sexual abuses on children (Fong and Berger, 2010) (UNICEF Pacific,
2006) (Broughton, 2009) (Lalor, 2004). In this dissertation the literature review has been
placed at the end in the attempt to prioritize information and start with the first chapter that
provide information about the victims. Pedophilia, through incest, is known as being present
and ‘evenly distributed’ regardless of the class, wealth, origins, social milieu or status
(Galiana, 2012). However, traffickers and other abusers will predominantly target children of
very marginalised communities (Dottridge, 2008) (O Briain, 2006). The chapter thus goes on
to enumerate what might count as aggravating factors other than poverty and the gender
factor both explored in chapter III within their social or cultural contexts. Being without
one’s parents or experiencing parental neglect or abuse, lack of financial means and lack of
education, all highly contribute to augmenting the risks for children to be sexually abused
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(Fong and Berger, 2010) (O Briain, 2006) (Dottridge, 2008) (Lalor, 2004). It is to be noted
that the focus is made on the legal, political, societal and pragmatic (preventive, retributive,
or reparative) measures- rather than psychological or medical perspectives. However, a
summary of the traumas and tortures sustained by the victims is necessary to understand
better the quasi inevitability of lasting exploitation without outside real help. This rather
descriptive part is fundamental to the understanding on how perpetrators use their ‘power’ to
further harm (Fong and Berger, 2010) and occasion dependency or helplessness, and
sometimes with the support, knowing, willing, condoning, tolerating, unaware, ineffectively
defendant or passive attitude of the system.
The second part connects sexual abuses to money, the law and the power relations that results
from it. The heavily economic vocabulary used, and debates around that highly profitable
trade (O Briain, 2006) (Schell et al., 2006) (Esposito, 1998) (Lalor, 2004) exposes clearly the
many pressures and obstacles at all levels encountered even when it comes to paedophiliac
abuses. Of course this monetarisation, commoditisation pervasively present are reminiscent
of how prostitution backed by many as work could lead to more and more sexual crimes
against children (SAAC) and fewer actions and fewer possibilities for valid, substantial
oppositions. Legislatively, the lack of appropriate punishment (UNICEF Pacific, 2006)
(Dottridge, 2008) (Galiana, 2012) gives an additional view on how prostitution and
pornography are treated as a billion-dollar industry, i.e. as an industry first and foremost,
supported by rulings agreeing with paedophiliac representations, and paedophile activism
(Schlebaum, 1992) (Mirkin, 2009) (Taylor, 2013). The plights of the victims will be back at
the centre of the discussion. It is there explained how children are the victims of their direct
abusers and, of the whole society irresponsive to the horrors children are let in, of
stigmatisation and denial translated into more than judicial defeat but judicial torments in this
case leading to lasting torture. Examples will be exposed, such as the routinized doubts on the
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credibility granted to children testimonies undermining prevention and police protection
(Fong and Berger, 2010) (O Briain, 2006) (Jensen et al., 2005) (Orchard, 2007) (Schlebaum,
1992) (UNICEF Pacific, 2006), like the UK have been reminded with the 2013 and 2015
grooming scandals of more than 400 girls (The guardian, 2013) (The guardian, 2015) (BBC,
2015). Details on children remaining unaccounted for, ignored, or not believed, and put
further into danger of reprisals by the same agencies supposed to be the rescuers and carers of
children and of people attest of the great impediments contravening disclosure and testimony
within official organisations themselves.
Thirdly, the questions of where and who come into play. This will not be about traffickers
themselves, as they should be the objects of a specific piece and are the objects of quite
abundant interests, but about the processes of such commercial or non-commercial traffics or
isolate abuses. The paragraphs are divided into places and locations, geographical but also in
places of decision-making such as social services, schools, and families. It also hints at the
need to debunk people linking it conceptually or ideologically to a specific time in history, as
it supposed absence in general comes with worse and ‘legitimised’ ways of sexually abusing
children, unchallenged child marriage (Lalor, 2003) being only one example. Along these
themes, recurring patterns of abuses are found whenever perpetrators can profit from the
defect of societies (Lalor, 2003) (Whitaker et al., 2008) (UNICEF Pacific, 2006) (Dottridge,
2008) (O Briain, 2006). Changes in cultures (Lalor, 2003) have been used as a cover and
inculpated for the occurrences of paedophilia. Are changes truly guilty of regression? – or
protecting undefined cultures located in the past instead of tackling the present forms of
society’s biggest failures, if not only retrograde, could sometimes unsurprisingly be a further
note to a sterile stance. Nostalgia tones will be romanticising families, or deprive individuals
of their personal choices and autonomies, and disavow the presence of egregious crimes
hidden or justified by ‘stabilised’ or rigid, arbitrary society where seclusion and secrecy are
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part of an active societal construction or destruction. In response to this, we will see how
sexual crimes against children (SAAC) supporting stances has been confined and by the
larger notions of ‘religion’, traditions, gender relations, and poverty (Orchard, 2007) (Hornby,
2012). (Lalor, 2003). The reality of performant technologies multiplying opportunities and
information facilitating offenses through the internet will be presented (Schell et al., 2006)
(Esposito, 1998) (Beech, et al., 2008) (Schlebaum, 1992).
Chapter four will give examples of the conventions pertaining to SAAC. It will hint at the
premises, perspectives, solutions and alternatives commonly found in governmental and
NGO’s programs (Saxby, 2008) (Fong and Berger, 2010) (Dottridge, 2008) and suggest some
of the common features that have done so much to curb SAAC but that could bear limitations
in their redundancy or because they become the only and reduced way to proceed (Willis,
2002) (Kelly et al, 1995) (Jensen et al., 2005) (Siverts, 2003) (Brabant, 2011) (Whitaker et
al., 2008). We will act as a reminder on how SAAC are of an extremely grave nature, and
could participate in causing irreparable injustice through false accusations (Astapenia, 2013)
(Daily Caller, 2014) (Huffington Post, 2016) (Daily Dot, 2015).
Hindrances to data collection and the quality of data, as well as data aggregation (Lalor,
2003) (Whitaker et al., 2008) (Willis, 2002) (Fong and Berger, 2010) (Broughton, 2009)
constitute the first part of the literature review. Then questioning arises on the way
professionals themselves use terms chronically misused, fuelling misunderstanding and
amalgams or helping the hiding of crimes by defining them via wordings such as ‘sex
industry’, ‘prostitution’ or the ‘commercialisation’ of sexual abuses on children.
The dissertation puts forward the way paedophilia, one cannot do more taboos and ‘naturally’
‘at home matters’, are maintained in the realm of the untold, of the unnoticed, of the
unreported, or un-investigated even though when known of everyone. Could statistic results
be part of the explanations for such unwilling or absence altogether of serious steps against
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it? Would it be because of its pervasiveness (UNICEF Pacific, 2006) (Lalor, 2003) that
paedophilia is in fact ‘under protection’ or at least protected by people’ passiveness not
daring even for it to be addressed? One cannot say ‘unseen’, as in broad daylight, child
marriage included in the US, sex tourism regions on every continent or whole quarters in
India (Whitaker et al., 2008), of children and under-age individuals exploited in such
atrocious ways, remains juridically untouched, standing as the epitomes of sexual abuses on
children international realm. Even though muffled, reporting appear on popular, highcirculated
papers, without anyone managing to take serious actions against it. If the spotlight
stays discreet, legal decisions result in letting paedophiles predators advocating, pressurizing
for paedophilic crimes as activists and directors of organisations in the Netherlands.
I: VICTIMS AND FACTORS PUTTING THEM AT RISK
a) Definition.
A ‘child’ is defined in international law as any person under the age of 18 years. (O Briain,
2006, p.5).
‘The United States in 2000 passed The Trafficking Victims
Protection Act (TVPA), a national policy addressing human
trafficking which defines ‘‘severe forms’’ of human trafficking ii as
sex trafficking in which commercial sex is induced by force,
fraud, or coercion, or in which a person induced to perform such
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an act has not attained 18 years of age; or the recruitment ,
harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for
labor services, through use of coercion, for the purpose of
subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage and
slavery (U.S. Department of State in Broughton, 2009, p 6)’
Although, the abuses that are the objects of a trade and the abuses that do not consist in
trading or ‘abused by single perpetrators’ (Broughton, 2009, p.19) are two different types of
abuses that require different types of interventions (Fong and Berger, 2010)iii they will rarely
be the object of a strict differentiation here.
b) how many victims? – and the statistics deficiencyiv.
“Underground” industry’s estimates about the number of the victims are very hard to
establish (Esposito, 1998). Due to paedophilia being legally punished and the consequent seal
of secrecy placed around it, statistics or serious representative studies are hard to found or to
assess (Broughton, 2009). The lack of certainty or even relevance might be caused by
paedophilia being a taboo, and of the low rates of it being reported- be it because the
perpetrators are family, or cannot be prosecuted nor found, or because they manage to have
total control over the lives of their victims (Kelly et al, 1995).
Besides, others deplore research paucity, or ‘data vacuum’ (Lalor, 2003)v (Schlebaum, 1992).
The data inexactness or absence is also due to a lack of data at the national level (UNICEF
Pacific, 2006) that will logically impair or render impossible worldwide data to be assembled
(UNICEF Pacific, 2006). By extension the absence of study, survey or data collection
indicates the most disturbing lack of will or interest, or absence of reaction from the
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authorities. On those lines, many draw attentionvi to the ineffectiveness of Interpol (Galiana,
2012), and the lack of cooperation between most governments (Schlebaum, 1992).
Limoncelli portraits the nationalistic approaches of trafficking, not protecting victims as a
whole but only nationals versus foreigners (Limoncelli, 2010). Many instances proved that
historically countries, governments, armies and NGOs run programs intended not to supress
trafficking but to regulate it or profit from it (Limoncelli, 2010). More recently rich states
have been found to condole out-of-the-country abuses, until very recently for the UK, when
they used to allow ‘double criminality’, a system that prevented extradition when their
nationals had been found guilty of sex tourism (Saxby, 2008). Nevertheless, these
discordances also echo the reality of the international shortage of funds phenomena whose
paradigm is the UN famous lack of substantial resources. However, troubles to obtain funds
and many other unresolved matters might be put better in evidence at the supranational level
than national organs are prepared to admit of their own. If we take a country like the United
States, reporting inconsistencies have been pointed out as being a factor preventing accurate
data (Broughton, 2009). Of course if data are corrupted then whole policies and perspectives
of actions will lose in quality. Still some figures emerge, and when one victim or the threat on
one victim would incontestably impair the system as a whole, millions are left at the hands of
the perpetrators.
Estimates from the year 2000 suggest that, worldwide, 1.8 million children were
involved in prostitution and pornography, and 1.2 million were victims of trafficking
(UNICEF Pacific, 2006) Furthermore, the World Health Organization (WHO)
estimates that in 2002, “150 million girls and 73 million boys under 18 experienced
forced sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence” (UNICEF Pacific, 2006,
p.4).
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In fact, these United Nations Children’s Fund’s (UNICEF) estimates may be regarded as
rather conservative like Daniel Broughton observes in his report. The US Department of State
in its ‘Trafficking in Persons Report-June 2008’ stated that at least two million children are
exploited in the international commercial sex trade (Broughton, 2009)vii.
c) Growing numbers
One of the most publicised information is that the number of children victims of sexual
abuses and networked sexual abuses attest of its globalisation and growth (Broughton, 2009)
(Fong and Berger, 2010) (UNICEF Pacific, 2006). This figure in augmentation in developing
country (Lalor, 2004) (UNICEF Pacific, 2006), is also rising in rich countries such as the
United States (Boxill & Richardson, Estes & Weiner, Spangenberg, in Broughton, 2009)
(Fong and Berger, 2010)viii ix. In some countries of the Pacific or in Africa, results have been
equated with being an ‘epidemiology of child sexual abuses’ (Finkelhor in Lalor, 2003,
p.454) or as ‘rampant’ (UNICEF Pacific, 2006, p.49). Also ‘studies in 19 countries produced
findings similar to North American research’ thus ‘undermining the assumption of North
American exceptionalism’ with ‘prevalence ranging from 7 to 36% for women and 3 to 29%
for men’ sexually abused when they were children (Lalor, 2003, p.454). Another estimate
from ‘international studies estimate that 25% of children around the world experience sexual
abuse, physical abuse or domestic violence’ (Cohen & Mannarino in Fong and Berger, 2010,
p 313).
Light canning in schools and incest are sometimes standing in the same figure (Fong and
Berger, 2010). Of course, if these statistics cannot help anyone on the subject of pedophilia,
they should call on the emergency of abuses to be talked about in order to be tackled, but they
also reveal political insisting unwillingness to deal with it as the necessity to stop SAAC is in
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fact quasi nowhere to be found in political discourses and are merely left to the NGOs to
campaign for.
d) Victims’ profiles: Aggravating factors
To sum it up,
‘Trafficking children for sexual abuses and slavery will predominantly
target children of very defavorised communities ’ (O Briain, 2006, p.17).
or of deprived children within their own communities.
Below are some of the factors that make children especially vulnerable to being trafficked.
Information on overall trafficking have to be analysed since they are the subject of many
more investigations and reflexions than sexual exploitation is. Also exploitation ‘may start
out as exploitation of a person’s labour, and end in their sexual exploitation’ (O Briain,
2006, p.3). Children victims of sexual abuses are often victims of so many other abuses that
the extent of their traumas will ‘facilitate’ their being held by the perpetrators (Dottridge,
2008). Inversely, it is because trafficking might eventually lead to its worst possible forms
that people urge more and more the resolution of trafficking in children as it also implies
sexual exploitation (Dottridge, 2008).
Within the lists of aggravating factors and causing research to become rarer are the other
dangers they will face alone or within their communities, such as war, disease, poverty,
hunger (Lalor, 2003). Targets s are more likely to be children who experience parental
neglect and abuse, children living without their natural parents (including those who are
informally adopted) and children suffering economic hardship, poverty of opportunity
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(UNICEF Pacific, 2006) (Whitaker et al., 2008), discrimination, or particularly youth from
minorities (O Briain, 2006, p.16)x. The worst perspectives socially on these fragilities is when
a family is made vulnerable in order to be more and more defenceless against abuses, and
ultimately sexual trafficking.
e) Consequences of abuses: traumas and symptoms
Traumas, more than consequences, are also utilised as ‘tools’, as means for perpetrators to
operate ‘disablement’ on individuals with what will be regarded as abnormal and stigmatised
by the very same society that even if it prohibits those crimes still let them happen. Also
children’s special needs (Fong and Berger, 2010) is one further reason why one has to set
specific tasks force on rescuing victims and beating the pressures initiated by perpetrators
inspiring permanent, controlling terror, capable of sabotaging external too feeble
intervention.
Other mental health problems may include ‘acute post-traumatic stress symptoms, acute
anxiety and stress disorders, affective disorders, conduct disorders and personality
disorders., low self-esteem, suicidality, poor academic achievement, substance abuse,
disassociation and poor interpersonal relationship quality, affective, behavioral and
cognitive problems, depression, low self-esteem, problems with trusting others, anger, poor
social skills, substance abuse, various forms of physical harm, and suicide’ (Broughton,
2009, p.39). (Cohen & Mannarino, Corcoran & Pillai, in Broughton, 2009, p.18). The list of
psychological and cognitive traumas that may have been caused is endless. Sexual abuses and
the way torturers manage to violate and seclude children affect all dimensions of the
individuals. Of course sexually transmitted diseases and drugs consumption will also directly
affect physical health (Broughton, 2009).
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II: THE MONETARISATION OF PEDOPHILIA AND ITS DE
FACTO OR DE JURE LEGALISATION
a) ‘Commercialisation’
Commercial sexual exploitation of children may take the form of juvenile prostitution,
child pornography, trafficking of children for sexual purposes, and child marriages
(Lalor, 2003, p.441).
In any circumstances, even though more networked actions and groups of institutions
show endeavours towards being responsive to paedophilic diverse crimes, it is met by
the admission of an ever developing commercialisation sexual exploitation of children
(UNICEF Pacific, 2006: p.36)
Trafficking in children is considered the third most lucrative illegal
trade in the world, following only the sale of illegal drugs and weapons (Esposito,
1998). ”
Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) may take the form of juvenile
prostitution, child pornography, trafficking of children for sexual purposes, and child
marriages. Concern originally emerged regarding the involvement of minors in “sex tourism”
in South East Asia, particularly in Thailand and the Philippines, culminating in a global
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conference against CSEC in Stockholm in 1996 (Lalor, 2003). For the USA, little is known
about child prostitution (Fong and Berger, 2010).
However, conservative measures indicate that between 300,000 and 400,000 children
are exploited through prostitution in the United States each year (Spangenberg, 2001;
Willis & Levy, 2002 in Broughton, 2009, p.12)xi.
On what is still called prostitution in a 1994 study by the Institute for Medical Research on
some Pacific Islands known for prostitution ‘found that 30% of the 250 sex workers were
between 13 and 19 years of age and some were as young as 11’ (UNICEF Pacific, 2006,
p.49).
While thousands of children worldwide are abused, pornography and all other degrees of
representations or actions have been protected by some for being a psychological outlet that
could help potential abusers to fantasize rather than concretely commit crimes (Beech, et
al.,2008).
No country is exempt. There is an almost insatiable market-by 1977 there were 264
separate child pornography magazines in America alone (Schlebaum, 1992, p.916).
In 2005, TopTenReviews, Inc. estimated that child porn generates over $US 3 Billion
annually (Ropelato, 2005 in Schell et al., 2006, p.47) and over 100,000 Websites exist
with the primary purpose of selling it to others, according to customs service
estimates (Ropelato, 2005 in Schell et al., 2006, p.47).
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b) Monetarisationxii.
One of the main reasons why and reasons how such crimes are not efficiently tackled are to
do with the massive amount of money these trafficking and crimes representxiii. Here again
people abuse other people for gain. Child pornography only is hugely profitable (Esposito,
1998) and has international returns of six billion dollars (Schlebaum, 1992). Schlebaum in
her account of Tim Tate, goes on recalling the so frequent scandals involving academics,
politicians, legal authority, businessmen, etc. (Schlebaum, 1992). It is anyhow known that
pedophilia occurs regardless of the class, social or revenue groups perpetrators are in
(Galiana, 2012). Now, sex tourism is here to demonstrate how higher revenue people go to
developed and less protected countries to abuse children exploited by local population
(Schlagenhauf, 2005).
In contrast, the price of legal implementation, and societal watch guards is sometimes
mentioned by authors. States’ obligations under international law to child victims of
trafficking are more onerous than their obligations to adults (O Briain, 2006) -or at least the
way they are envisaged to be conducted-, which let understand that they will be applied with
less rigour (O Briain, 2006).
Territorially, there are remarks about how communities and localities are more scrutinized
than developed networks (Lalor, 2003). Nevertheless, in an international context the opposite
is possibly to be found, and could even evince individual or personal responsibilities in
developing primarily a discourse perhaps more political but reinforcing the perpetrators’
anonymity- the physicality of people concealed behind much debated concepts of
internationality, conventions, cultures, etc. There are treaties at the UN level framing
trafficking such as the ‘Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the
sale of children, child prostitution and child Pornography’ (UNHCHR, 2008), the ‘World
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Congresses against Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents’ (CSEC World
Congress, 2008) under the aegis of the UN not only through UNICEF but also through the
‘Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights’ (OHCHR), the ‘United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees’, and the ‘ILO/IPEC’, that is the’ International
Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour’ (IPEC) within the ‘International Labour
Organization’ (UNODC, 2008). Though these treaties seem to predominantly be concerned
by the monetisation of sexual abuses or by its networking, fewer documents are on
paedophilia per se that would also target lone individuals not ‘promoting’ or financially
benefiting from the occurrences of the abuses.
c) The problem could be the law
1) Leniency
These are crimes, universally recognised by every nation as crimes by their legal systems.
Although as appalling as human trafficking is,– harming adults and children, the latter who
will in addition suffer from diminished knowledge on how to defend themselves against
gangs, if that is at all possible- it is notoriously policed with much more ‘leniency’ and
sanctioned less than drugs trafficking (Galiana, 2012). Notoriously pimps, and procurers even
when inculpated and this is very rare, go away with negligible two-year sentences (Galiana,
2012), often because they are condemned for other crimes as evidence is not gathered or
because the very crimes they commit is not listed on the national legislation-example, abuses
on boys- (UNICEF Pacific, 2006). Legislative deficiencies may mean that police or court
records do not accurately capture the nature of the offence. For instance, many criminal codes
only recognize sexual abuse as a crime against girls, thus overlooking boy victims of sexual
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abuse; and cases of child sexual abuse occurring within the family unit may be mislabelled
solely as “incest”, without noting the age of the victim. Similarly, the criminalization of
prostitution can result in child victims of sexual exploitation being charged as offenders
(UNICEF Pacific, 2006, p.15). Law enforcement officials are reported to frequently find
expedients to charge suspected traffickers with lesser offences, such as corruption of a minor
or assisting a child to enter a country illegally. This is because collecting the evidence to
secure convictions on such charges is easier. This may mean that the child concerned is not
recognised as a ‘victim of trafficking’ and hence does not receive appropriate assistance or
compensation. In effect, there is a danger that trafficked children are denied access to justice
because of the way the law is formulated and the economics of the criminal justice system
(Dottridge, 2008). As an outcome, SAAC crimes are in fact low risk and well-paid criminal
activities (Galiana, 2012) even compared, for instance, to civil servants’ wages in developing
countries. Those low convictions rates compare only to the opacity of the police actions: the
millions of victims go in stark contrast with the low figures of indictment or victims’
protections issues by Interpol or other police. Like the UN’s and other international websites,
and certainly Interpol in particular, these organisations do not let any precise information
about operations, on what they do or achieve as a simple visit to their website leave the
searchers with very little information (Interpol, 2015). Here again this power relation is
extremely upsetting and problematic as for the possibility of further and future operations.
2) Legality, illegality.
We have viewed how, however illegal, such crimes perdure, but there are also instances
where people want these daily atrocities to be endowed with absolutely no boundaries, or any
morality or humanity upheld- to become legal or toleratedxiv.
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‘This secretive, highly organized trade is protected’ (Tate in Schlebaum, 1992). The upperhand
of a paedophile mafia helped by many external components, including public ignorance
and indifference, or countered too often with inadequate and poorly enforced laws weakened
by many ‘legal loopholes’. Tate’s account might be 20 years old, but is drawn out of a legal
background allowing confusion, approximation in the texts to be exploited. Once more
paedophilia atrocities may found ways as far as being ‘advertised’ and that with the help of
the law.
Obscenity is illegal pornography; it could be that the sex is too explicit, or it could be
that otherwise legal porn is just displayed to the wrong audience or advertised in the
wrong way. The Supreme Court has had trouble drawing a line between legal and
obscene sexual images. Some judges, like Black and Douglas, argued that the First
Amendment protected all speech, including sexual speech and images. (Schlebaum,
1992, p. 917).
The amount of pornographic material available in parallel to the suggestive images within the
main stream media or other sexualisation (Daily mail, 2007), and particularly almost in daily
diffusion as regular adds on the internet (Esposito, 1998) (Daily mail, 2007), contrasted with
the quasi or total absence of activism and awareness campaign about these criminal offenses,
bring to the deduction of a so striking unbalance or upfront pornographisation of
relationships, and of all relationships in publicity and the media that would legitimised and
almost incentivised the ‘sexual utilisation’ of children.
The law of freedom of expression, and the loopholes or grey areas between legislature and
courts (Schlebaum, 1992) as to what are ‘permissible sexual images and illegal ones’
(Mirkin, 2009, p.239), might protect suggestive photos, depictions through cartoons or
20
fictional writings (Mirkin, 2009)xv. Legislators have gone as far as protecting freedom of
assembly and therefore freedom of campaigning up to the 1980’s in the U.K with the
notorious ‘Paedophile Information Exchange scandal’; notoriously involving two MPs (The
Daily Beast, 2013) (Castella, 2014), but less noted, the whole nation harbouring openly
paedophile ‘activist’ organisations. Still in Europe, in Holland, in 2013, judges ruled out in
favour for an organization campaigning for the legalization of paedophilia to be able to
continue to be legally registered (Taylor, 2013). Authorised by the jurisprudence of the
Netherlands, if people are allowed to campaign for being a paedophile, then there would be a
collapse of the boundaries between this, inciting to commit these abuses, and committing the
abuses themselves.
d) Testimonies, disclosure and judicial failures
At the prosecution level, children, mostly teenagers may end up being prosecuted rather than
looked after (Fong and Berger, 2010)xvixvii. When calling for help or when giving testimony,
victims or families of victims may not be believed but be put into doubt, or will not be
investigated (Schlebaum, 1992)xviii, will not be helped, or protected (Fong and Berger, 2010).
Victims of families and of traffickers may then end up being victims of legal and static
institutions.
Otherwise, the very traumas inflict upon the victims often will impair if not impeach
testimonies to take place. Very high level of distrust will lead to refusal to communicate and
even to hostility towards social services, police or any possible rescuers (O Briain, 2006).
Psychologists talk about cognitive impairment following the abuses but also the
manipulations of the vision of the world: a constant and consistent indoctrination by the
21
perpetrators plays a fundamental role (Kelly et al, 1995). The question of the victims’ special
needs is often cited (Fong and Berger), and the role of the perpetrations onto the victims
could even go as far as ensuring adverse or anti-social behaviours, or at least impairing any
communication skills in order to make sure the victims do not talk or link with tiers people.
In fact, rehabilitations of the victims take so long that it makes more difficult for the
perpetrators to be traced (Fong and Berger). Traumas will be also be induced just to cause
further impairment to the victims and thus make potential identification very difficult. Also,
the problems of occurrences happening in childhood is in general faced with difficulties in
clear remembrances, at least as long as mental or psychological trauma are concerned. As for
the physical traumas they might be at the earlier age and then could not be factually
remembered at all. Even prosecution processes take a long time (O Briain, 2006) and we are
reminded of the means and money that are made a problem in many reports. The longer the
time between the contact with the traffickers and the interview, the more likely the child will
be to feel safe and to disclose details of the experience.
Finally, the one reasons why things are not changing the way they should is the fear criminal
networks inspire (and certainly more when officials are involved actively) (Fong and Berger,
2010) and the opaque veil under which they operate. Trafficking networks may be very
specialized (each person having very defined functions not knowing about the rest of the
rings – ranging from paper forgery, to transportation, to distribution-) (O Briain, 2006)
(Broughton, 2009). This fragmentation will make them difficult to investigate and
dismantled, or even for the criminals to be fully aware of the degree of their offenses. If
officials fear reprisals or are not in the position of actions, one can only image what children
may go through in term of retaliation to them and to their family, against highly dangerous
criminals ready to do anything to get away from investigations. In this case including the
riddance of evidence (O Briain, 2006) and to view witnesses as ‘physical evidence’: since
22
criminals of this kind are only logically renowned for beyond extreme violence actions and
murders. Shaming is also used, as fearing the law and the police are (O Briain, 2006).
Unbelievably enough trafficked teenagers have been charged with prostitution, ‘illegal work,
petty theft, begging, drugs use for which they are taught to flee the police’ (Fong and Berger,
2010, p.313), under those circumstances there is no wonder left as to why and how those
crimes against humanity sustain themselvesxix.
In terms of disclosure, usually victims wait for years before talking about the abuses (Jensen
et al., 2005). Manipulations by the perpetrators, the fear of escalating violence and the one of
not being believed are additional reasons to the unspeakable suffering experienced sometimes
a long time without even knowing that their perpetrators should be or could be have been
incarcerated for years for the very crimes only the victims may know about. On the contrary,
easing disclosure would mean that it results ‘in some positive consequences, and not too
many negative consequences’ (Jensen et al., 2005, p.1410). In fact, that abuses and threats
stop with perspectives of better care would be a good enough start if not overridden by a
system that incredibly might discard and discredit them. Children more often need a specific
structured and solid support to start talking about the abuses (Jensen et al., 2005). As others
simply say, another prerequisite for them to start telling their stories is ‘thinking they would
be believed’ (Orchard, 2007). It is obvious that the ‘humiliation’ of being rejected by the
safeguards of the society cannot but doubling the state of shock, and disbelief, the state of
utter horror at the certitude of being completely surrounded. In 2013, in Oxford region, for
the years long trafficking of 50 girls (The guardian, 2013)xx and in 2015 , police finally
apprehended several local gangs having sexually abused and exploited 373 girls (The
guardian, 2015) (BBC, 2015), does not let us wonder about the degree of incompetency at
play to ignore such an amount of abuses, because the police have been found complicit of
23
denigrating systematically complaints from the victims in saying that they were consenting to
a ‘way of life’, to drug consumption and subsequent systematic abuses (The guardian, 2013).
There is a larger need for disclosurexxi as to how society as a whole manages or fails to face
and even fails to be speaking about those crimesxxii. Although there is need for exposure to
the realities of sexual crimes against children, on how these can be, and should be stopped;
this disclosure itself could be threatening the dominant moral order since concurrently
unveiling its invalidity (Jensen et al., 2005). Joining what is said on how the burden might be
put on the victims to fight off (Whitaker et al., 2008), how can we deem a child or teen to
have the capacity of disclosing what society itself maintains practically unspoken of, without
being its direct victim and ‘letting it happen’.
III: THE PERPETRATORS WITHIN THE SOCIETY:
VISIBILITY, FACILITIES, SECLUSION AND SILENCING
a) Where
If no society is exempt of this grievous crimes (Lalor, 2003), certain regions, or countries are
particularly at risksxxiii (Walker, 2014). At the extreme end, some countries afflicted with
armed conflict, such as ‘civil unrest and inter-tribal warfare has led to child sexual assault’ (O
Briain, 2006, p.16). However, in some part of the world, the danger is constant. For example,
Eastern Europe (Walker, 2014) xxiv and Asia (Lalor, 2003) might be more susceptible to sex
tourism with in some places a very high proportion of under-age girls (UNICEF Pacific,
2006) preyed on by what is still called by most people ‘prostitution’. Logically, criminals
24
target the places where weak legal systems turn regions into sex tourism destinations (Willis,
2002). While one has to keep in mind not to commit the mistake of minimising sex tourism,
studies also reveal that, contrary to popular belief, the perpetrators of sexual abuses and
exploitation of children are also overwhelmingly men from the local communityxxv (UNICEF
Pacific, 2006, p.1). The threat therefore remains mostly local not international. In richer
countries the type of abuses is lessened but still very clearly occurring with ‘many girls
reporting “sexual victimisation”, for example, by harassment or exposure to pornography’
(Walker, 2014). In the UK, the 2013 Saville scandal broke. Saville, a TV and BBC Radio
anchor whose audience was principally teenagers, was very famous, socialising with British
royalty and knighted for charitable services. Post mortem investigations found he was guilty
of dozens of sexual assaults on children (8 out of 10 of his victims) and adults in National
Health Service hospitals over several decades (Evans, 2015). Reports suggest NHS
participation with staff turning a blind eye to Saville’s wrongdoings, as he campaigned for
and raised donations for hospitals, leaving Saville with 24-hour staff access to services users’
rooms and ambulances (Evans, 2015).xxvi.
b) Migrations
Socio-economic and socio-cultural changes have been linked with an increase in child
maltreatment that may be in large part due to migrations (Lalor, 2003). Traffickers target
preferably people already victims of poverty or underprivileged. Lack of opportunities locally
make people willing to take a chance elsewhere and as they move, they get caught in the
migration process (O Briain, 2006)xxvii. The migrants are especially at risks, moreover when
teenagers travel alone (Dottridge, 2008). Also, the children of migrants whose parents have to
work in other provinces or towns are left under sometimes unsuitable care (Lalor, 2003).
25
As a result, many children are left either alone at home during the
weekdays after school or with nannies and grandparents, who may not
give them proper care. Thus, they are vulnerable to sexual abuse from
opportunistic predators (Madu & Peltzer, 2001, p.318 in Lalor, 2003,
p.446).
However, it might be observed that immigration problems are predominantly internal rather
than cross-national. (Dottridge, 2008). Still this finding may seem logical as globally, internal
migrations are much more voluminous than cross-national ones. Nevertheless, those locations
that are at the national level and within regions could reveal itself to be without much hope to
fall under any international purview and protection. Here the extremely difficult situations of
being in no specific territories, being outside or outsiders to communities, with financial,
administrative papers, identity and nationality issues become what traffickers and other
abusers thrive to profiteer from. The traffickers will transport some of their victims acrossborders
(Broughton, 2009) turning incompetency from states to provide security into human
trafficking.
c) Employability
The traps of trafficking, and the need for cash in absence of a regular job get interwoven.
People deprived of work become desperate for a job and are taking many risks to obtain one.
Traffickers know it and exploit people willingness to move out of their region (Orchard,
2007), which make them of course vulnerable to any attacks.
26
Amalgam, is also used under the shape of deception in ‘recruitment’. Migrants and other workers are
being trapped under false pretence of a job (O Briain, 2006). They follow a recruitment
process and end up tied, physically constraints, with their papers stolen (Galiana, 2012) and
any types of situations of forced trafficking might involve.
For example, a young person might answer an advertisement for work in a hotel or bar, but
end up prostituted in such a place. (O Briain, 2006)
Unemployment when imbricated with poverty will have people facing survival dilemma. In
dire financial situations people then ‘may then turn to theft, robbery and prostitution’
(UNICEF Pacific, 2006, p.21). They also may then turn to trafficking.
d) By whom
The paedophiles and sexual trafficking networks are becoming bigger, more complex, more
technologized, more internationalised, more specialised and difficult to localize. However
here will be discussed not the traffickers as people belonging to organized criminal networks,
but all perpetrators in the surroundings of the children.
e) Surroundings
Just like for rapes, the mistaken emphasise on ‘stranger danger’ reinforced the false idea that
sexual abuses on children come predominantly from strangers, but just like the whole
criminologist community of experts acknowledges, in the majority of cases it actually comes
from the victims’ ‘extended family’ or from friends, neighbours or acquaintances. Thus
‘abuses usually but not always are organized by an intermediary (parent, family member,
procurer, teacher and so on’ (Lalor, 2003, p.446), or in psychological term, ‘directly from
27
people they know and trust’ (UNICEF Pacific, 2006, p.viii). One can also remark that ‘the
use of inaccurate stereotypes’ on who may abuse them and who may not or on the contrary
help them, will pose an even greater problem to children’s vulnerability and how they may be
manipulated (Dottridge, 2008).
f) Family
That perpetrators are family members and acquaintance (Finkelhor et al., 2005; US DHHS,
2007) is a general knowledge in every comprehensive and representative survey on
paedophilia. It also would suggest that intended perpetrations will be done by people
purposefully creating a family or family ties or entering professions in close contacts with
children. This closeness to the victim makes it particularly difficult for children to control
(Whitaker and al, 2007) and for others to intervene.
Contrarily to what might be seen in the media or entertainment platform, in US CSI movies
featuring ‘good’ to ‘very good’ cops ending up ‘re-entrusting’ abandoned child to sexual
networks to parents, more secured approach should prevail. Although that the state can take
over children from parents is indeed a huge concern as any abuses from the social services
(that are known to be at the sources of many) would have too dramatic consequences on
family lives to be welcome whenever sexual abuses were in fact non-existent within the
family. But at least very close enquiry and partnership with the parents must happen when
suitable.
If family reunification or repatriation is unsafe, child welfare agencies
mustwork to createa permanency plan that is in the best interest of the
child (O’Neill Richard in Broughton, 2009, p.45).
28
g) social services/care
Another very worrying data for the integrity of the social services, and also for the possibility
of taking someone out of those circles, is the incredible percentage of children ‘promised’ to
prostitution whenever they are under ‘social services care’ (Kelly et al, 1995), or ‘vulnerable
youth on the street or from the foster care system’ (Broughton, 2009).
h) Schools
Sexual exploitation and assaults against female students and pupils by male pupils and
teachers have been documented as serious in scale and gravity by Human Rights Watch in
South Africa. Another phenomenon on the rise is the one of “sugar daddies” and “sugar
mommies”, that is older people targeting teenagers need for help as teenagers lack of money
impact on their ability to pay for school expenses (Lalor, 2003). Just like in Europe and
America where university students are said to be more prone to ‘escorts types of cashmakers’,
alarmingly the raise in students’ fees and living costs is at the origin of this
expending forms of exploitation.
At the worst of time, children may be sexually abused and exploited
everywhere they go: ‘in the home, school, community, in the workplace
and brothels more so especially in some regions (UNICEF & ANNPCAN,
in Lalor, 2003, p.441).
29
i) Gender
Sexual exploitation is also gendered and in particular where gender relations are violent
based (Dottridge, 2008) (Fong and Berger, 2010). Sexual abuses could be backtracked from
the very ‘social relations between men and women, adults and children’ (Fong and Berger,
2010, p.19), and particularly due to ‘the low status of women and children’ (UNICEF
Pacific, 2006, p.53).
Globally, sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children are due to
factors such as gender inequality and the low status of children
(particularly girls), increased pressure on families to engage in monetized
economies, separation of parents from children due to conflict, natural
disasters and the migration of parents in search of employment. (UNICEF
Pacific, 2006, p.53)
Also perpetrators are overwhelmingly males and typically men with resources or other power
in the community’ (UNICEF Pacific, 2006, p.1). Many feminist writers theorised on how
pornography or other representation depicturing unbalanced gender relations, is in fact an
image or transcription of the power that men have and exercise over women (Purvis and
Ward, 2006). Pedophiles are also said to look for characteristics of children (e.g., compliance,
petiteness, submissiveness, etc.) in their sexual relationships with women (Schell et al.,
2006). Of course the opposite must be true, while infantilising women, they give to the
perpetrators legitimacy in how women are made younger to satisfy the desire for a power that
brings (or is brought by) dependency and manipulationxxviii. Even though feminist theories
have been deemed being not credible as their view on how the state are supportive of abuses
because it is a conspirational theory and therefore proves to be a reductionist view of men and
30
patriarchy (Purvis and Ward, 2006); here only the word patriarchal is to be moved to render it
credible in the sense that the victims are not all women but women, sexual victims of the
system as a whole, made by both sex.
j) Mediatisation
What the media has difficulties to report on is the way people knew about it and never
reached for the alarm, as media themselves may well under-report or under-investigate
situations not yet or not yet on the brink of being the object of general scrutiny.
What might let someone in search for information wonder with the media is how under the
spotlight are cases made famous- perhaps sometimes because of their being more
researchable or because of the personally, sociability, or popularity of the people involved.
Notwithstanding the causes, media will typically be focusing on the plight of a few
individualsxxix, leaving the thousands other at risks or in the shadows. They also take over
extraordinary cases, for example the murder of Sarah Paine in 2000, and the lengthy
campaign following, advocating the “Sarah’s law”, that would allow people to know the
whereabouts of released sex offenders, and has been used thereafter as a pilot in policy in
some regions of England (Greenslade, 2008). What makes this types of reporting questioning
the probity of the media as a whole is that in contrast the work around ‘200 000 estimated
Britain’ s paedophiles of other paedophiles hunt’ (BBC, 2002) stays very discreet, only
statistically mentioned without an effort at discussing policies, protection, prevention, etc.
At the same time, one well may stop being too disparaging of those reporting done by the
BBC for example as other media, from other parts of the word may not even initiate the
debate or harbour the subject. Even if BBC or other types of mass mediatisation are not
31
generally very informative, some images say long, and succeed in showing what the
dereliction of a system that does not manage to protect children from their sexual abusers
might look likexxx.
k) Socio-economic and socio-cultural changes
One of the parameters justifying the socio-economic and socio-cultural changes argument is
the amount of secrecy and taboosation, even though this is incrementally being overturned (O
Briain, 2006), found in what call themselves ‘traditional societies’. On a double account, not
secrecy but a forged version of what happens or does not happen will getting worse, if
minorities or all other people do not trust the judicial system or the police- moreover so when
the society at large practise a ‘do not tell policies’. Out of this puritanism schema, some
traditional societies do not taboos things but formalize those crimes, often societal crimes in
their scope and scale, through child marriage (Lalor, 2003)xxxi, for example, or through
inextricable poverty, censorship or illiteracyxxxii .
To illustrate how ‘forces of modernity, “foreign influences,” and rapid social change’ (Lalor,
2003, p.440) have been pointed to as the ready-made culprits is the simultaneity with which
people regard them to be the causes of abuses but delayed ‘attention given to sexual abuse of
children in their own homes/communities’. As SAAC are ‘qualified as being “unnatural,”
and very rare’, or unworthy of the commentators’ origins or nations’, (Lalor, 2003, p.440)
perpetrators are covered and left unworried as warnings against their crimes do not have a
place even in the oral tradition, or only to assert them as inexistent or impossible- in one
word- unsayable.
As far as ‘religious’ societies consider themselves to be traditional, child marriages whose
toll represent about one third of today’s women aged 20 to 24 globally (UNICEF, 2015),
32
enforced prostitution (which in case of under-age individuals can never be done with consent,
so will always have to be treated as aggravated forms of tortures) and child molesting occur
in countries overwhelmingly defined as Hindu, Islamic, or Catholicxxxiii.
Pope Francis has provoked a debate within the Catholic Church after
being quoted as saying that one in 50 Catholic clerics is a paedophile
(Mckenna, 2014).
Recently, and after disclosures of many sexual abuses perpetrated by priests, Dumortier,
rector at the Pontifical Gregorian University advocate the development of a ‘culture of
listening, a different face to the culture of silence,” (Hornby, 2012, p.1)
This remark though supposed to support effective punishment and imprisonment for SAAC
crimes, have been branded as “window dressing” and that the Vatican should hand over their
files on abuses to the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the Hague (Hornby, 2012).
Hindu societies have made ‘child prostitution’ – that should be called ‘child sexual
trafficking’ be it by their communities or families – part of the cast system. Within the
Devadasi ‘cult’ women are being told that they ‘sell their body’ in order to provide for their
families (Orchard, 2007). It has transformed forced prostitution into the appearance of an
obligation interpreted as a donation from designated women to the community. To close-up
on any successful attempt at stopping that plight, the devadasi’ victims are stigmatised while
put under unquestioned coercion coming from the society as a whole as soon as they are
teenagers and obviously at an earlier age, with that has been called “the power of the ‘whore
stigma’, which functions are to distinguish ‘‘virtuous women’’ from women in prostitution
(Pheterson, in Orchard, 2007, p 2387)”. The devadasi’s inextricable social situation
33
demonstrates how a system has lost sight of humane humanity, of sanity, or humanity itself
and rules through dire seclusion as girls and awomen do not leave the houses (Orchard,
2007). The devadasi-dhandha cults literally explain how seclusion from a knowing
mainstream society has worked in maintaining social horrors in plain sight without them
being even denunciated.
l) Modernisation and the internet
The Internet has caused the most explosive growth in child pornography than at any other
time in history. One of the reasons for this explosion is that technology itself has greatly
reduced the barrier to entry for the production and distribution of child porn. Cameras and
powerful editing multimedia software are becoming more affordable and easier to use,
simplifying the process of creating and distributing child porn (Schell et al., 2006, p.50) of
transmission from one pedophile to many other pedophiles and from one country to many
other countries. (Schell et al., 2006, p.47). The entire literature is pervaded with messages of
caution about how internetxxxiv (Schell et al., 2006) (Esposito, 1998) (Beech, et al., 2008) and
means of communication. The multiplication and inexpensiveness of media, and the hi-tech
level of forfeiture the mafia uses are a direct threat to ‘cyber patrols’ that try to contain and
stop them (Prat, 2005). Internet is also widely used because of its capacity at evading the law,
or of its not being regulated (Esposito, 1998). Internet addresses stay unanimous and is a
secure way to exchange illegal materials. Addresses and websites are open and closed with
great ease (Esposito, 1998)xxxv. Of course pornography will help intensifying ‘large scale
sexual exploitation of children and fuels the myriad networks of active child abuse’
(Schlebaum, 1992, p.917). Finally, it will participate in ‘legitimising’, ‘officialising’ and by
34
extension ‘legalising’ sexual abuses. When material is found, the providers is asked to
remove child pornography, and it is only when the provider fail to do so that the police will
have to intervene (Esposito, 1998). In other words, evidence is just got rid of instead of being
traced.
IV: PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES
a) Convention
Covering sexual exploitation and abuses, the UN convention on the Rights of the Child
(CRC) has been and remained famously the most signed of all the UN conventions, every
country in the world signed it (except for the United States of America and Somalia)
(Tepelus, 2008).
Such a universal stamp of approval only reflects the common strict opposition to pedophilia
and stays essential to start true international cooperation and shared converging effort.
The CRC has agreed to protect children against all forms of sexual exploitation and
sexual abuse, and to prevent children from being abducted, sold or trafficked for any
purpose. An additional Protocol to the CRC sets out the minimum requirements for a
national law that will protect children from sale, prostitution and pornography. (O
Briain, 2006, p.10)
35
Another one is the Council of Europe’s Convention on Protection of Children against Sexual
Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Lanzarote Convention) ratified by 39 states (C.O.E, 2016)
with its Lanzarote Committee bringing together all states that ratified it in 2007 came into
force on 1 July 2010 (Saxby, 2008). It looks into a number of different areas including
‘prevention, assistance to victims, treatment of offenders, prosecution and investigation, and
international co-operation’ (Saxby, 2008, p. 282). These treaties promulgating legal actions
against SAAC with intent at being comprehensive are the clear signs that pedophilia is
politically addressed. Nevertheless, no matter how public and diverse programs against
sexual abuses might appear, they all tend to be for professionals and others already looking
for information. This will have to be warmly welcomed because professional networking and
real build-on information and coordinated actions remain a huge problem for professional.
Now, however vital the information to professionals is, as long as the general public and the
potential perpetrators or victims are not reached nor targeted, all will forcibly seem like a lost
battle.
b) Dysfunctional: a system of impediments
We saw how the judiciary failed at times in the chapter II, here we will draw attention to
sexual abuses being internationally untouched partly due to its getting away with sanctions
through playing with laws and locations. While this global problem by nature especially
requires multi-layered organisations (Saxby, 2008), it suffers xxxvi from a lack of cooperation,
and liaison between non-profit organizations and governmental organizations (Fong and
Berger, 2010) and even between non-profit organizations to themselves and governmental
organizations with international, intergovernmental or regional ones or across different
36
departments of a same organ or of a same country (Galiana, 2012). Stubborn and endemic
refusal for keeping or sharing information is recognised as being at the heart of the
impossibility of inaction (Galiana, 2012). The lack of international cooperation cannot be
stressed enough as trafficking and the technology they are using, including internet, make the
sexual exploitation of children an international (Esposito, 1998) plague. On a topic of
international ampleness, a lack of intergovernmental efforts creates vacuum, i.e.
unlawfulness. When international efforts are made through legislation, the lack of homogeneity
for example, in definitions, changing according to various national laws (Hornby, 2012) makes
cohesion and improvement hazardous and tedious. The lack of uniformity also affects
strategies implementation and may cause their being under-utilized in many countries
(Broughton, 2009) (Fong and Berger, 2010).
c) Human right, duty or responsibility
Most programs for the prevention of child sexual abuse have focused on
potential victims, teaching them to avoid child molesters. Such programs can be
important, but they are likely only part of a broad solution. Programs focusing on
potential victims put much of the prevention burden on the child, who may
have limited ability to engage in prevention behaviors (Whitaker et al., 2008, p. 529).
A rights-based approach holds the aims of ensuring that ‘the child’s best interests be given
primary consideration’ in all actions (Dottridge, 2008, p 27); and is crucial in putting the
child needs as the objectives, as well as structuring long-term types of interventions.
However, the child rights-based measures to trafficking have for possible unwanted side-effects
37
the classic limitations of some feminist theories, dominant in health and care, in that its focus
on the child has for consequences the diminishing focus on perpetrators (Purvis and Ward,
2006)- here protection, prevention, punishment and therapy. However, to avoid facing the
children’ carers or wardens cannot not solve the problems in depth or before they occur,
particularly as children cannot fight for their rights as the results of their dependency and
sometimes financial and legal tutelage. It had to be noted that debates such as whether a
child’s human right to education applies not just against governments but also against a
child’s parent (Stanford, 2016) still take place within the human rights philosophers’
communities. As children abusers will use any possibility for their crimes to stay ‘private’
whenever not in the possibility to officialise them, this example of prominent question on
rights and duties could be troubling as education is a key to children and teenagers’ bringing
up and for many the only public places they actually have to attend.
d) Aid and Program’s solutions- holistic or specific
The overwhelming message seems to be that protecting children from this kind of
abuse is both complex and difficult, requiring constant re-evaluation of methods and
strategies. (Saxby, 2008, p.281)
Just like Saxby notes below, what is true of the social services, families, communities, is true
politically and the only way one will be able to find justice and decency with lay in the
constant renewal, and thought again search for better programs, policies and practices. Three
main objectives for actions to be comprehensive come to the fore: to prevent human
trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute traffickers (Fong and Berger, 2010) (Orchard,
38
2007). Just like explained in the first chapter, holistic considerations are necessary to prevent
abuses. It is often because children run away from harming situations that they start being
exploited (Dottridge, 2008). Responding to these sets of needs and actions UNICEF has
advocated to address child trafficking for all purposes (Willis, 2002). It however insisted on
taking specific measures to stop child trafficking against mixing it with measures taken
against human trafficking as a whole (Dottridge, 2008). However, when donors and actions
insist on dealing with all ranges of child exploitation covering labour, physical violence etc.,
it diminishes the possibility for clear and sustained programs specifically on sexual
exploitation or sexual abuses to take placexxxvii (Dottridge, 2008). Variances will be present
between countries, and across community (Willis, 2002). Besides, children suffering from
incest, and trafficking, two different abuses processes and different abusers, will need
different type of intervention (Fong and Berger, 2010). That children rights had not been told
apart from adult rights is of course an aberration, as it meant that they were left at the hands
of their torturers. That a child’s history be taken holistically makes sense as people have to be
aware of all the dangers, and too selective approaches could not be but dangerously
incomplete, but amongst all these erroneous amalgamations one more could be the one of
treating abuses of totally different gravity the same way.
e) Raising awareness
A specific stance insisting on raising awareness and building community resilience through the
use of public campaigns, training and telephone hotlines (Orchard, 2007) is now often taken.
Awareness of the danger is of course fundamental for people to be able to fight it off. It has
39
been said that even specialised professionals (ex: social workers, police or immigration
officers, teachers, or here any professionals in contact with children (Kelly et al, 1995)
may be very unknowledgeable about the dangers but also the means of countering it (Kelly et
al, 1995); and let alone individuals, parents or communities’ leaders. Awareness may also
seem the most urgent and sensitive as lack of awareness strikes also the victims. They may
not know about their future (Orchard, 2007) and do not realise they are the objects of
exploitation and not care, and thus cannot entirely or successfully fathom on the present
calamities, the gravity of their situation and of what they have been made to endure, or the
implications of what they have undergoing. If raising awareness is not always enough, is that
the victims also may think it is impossible to go away (Kelly et al, 1995), but more than that
one can be sure that everything is done by the perpetrators to keep the victims in that state of
doubtless fear, resignation, ignorance and more and more harming traumas for the rest of
their lives.
Though raising awareness offers great hope as it would transform the latent inaction and
silent by default postures taken by the authorities, the vast pool of ideas and prototypes
projects inducing awareness raising might also hide the fact that campaigning the public
could have become NGOs’ prerogatives. And that on the other hand scrutiny by or into the
states, only true powerful enough to beat very organised criminals apparel or entire
communities will not be possible.
f) Schools
The states, after having suppressed proportionate punishment by too well-known lenient
sentences on acts of paedophilia are also not providing any awareness programs in schools.
40
Like HIV campaign education never or scarcely reached schools, and when it was up to most
popular soap to make a significant raise in people screening for the disease. Just like DST,
topics such as incest’s and juvenile prostitution (sexual trafficking or sexual abuses), will
never appear at schools and yet less on the soaps broadcast by the BBC or any other channels
(Gould, 2010). If a lack of education affects vulnerabilisation; however, the education system
itself does not touch upon the subject albeit its remaining the only way for children in danger
to be informedxxxviii. Awareness campaigns play an important role in triggering disclosure
(Jensen et al., 2005) xxxix as well as helping the communities towards preventive actions
through raising the problem and keeping people on the watch.
g) Health reasons given as the redundant reasons for countering paedophilia, not the
necessary attacks on predators
In terms of resolution, and justifications in debates, the overemphasis on health to justify
condemning sexual abuses against children may indicate that the health of children here is
primordial to establish, as cynically as it is, as only the least of SAAC’s consequences can be
expressed through words: that sexual exploitation is profoundly harming to its victims and
the society as a whole.
The society is partly guilty of it, which is never the case with the victims.
The great insistence on women’s physical and mental health and their ability ‘to other kind of
productions’, see (Whitaker et al., 2008) is or may be again a way of minimising why sexual
abuses must be stopped. Insisting on people’ health versus their being tortures might remind
similar arguments used in environmental issues where people keep forests not for all what
they represent, are and shelter but to have future energy to burn. Within that types of
41
discourses, health might become a way of advancing political agenda, enriching certain
people and institutions to the detriment of others. Somewhat a person’s needs are attended for
what she will bring ‘materially’ to her community’s economic potential, to a community that
would and have used her life for the same effect via ‘prostitution’. In this framework of ideas,
the individual still belongs to the community who is asked to bring her health in order to be
able to have better re-conduction, or production rate. Yet again the stigmatisation of
prostitution serving the mainstream society in that they are above questioning, to stop this
trade not because we let those atrocities happen but because they would be healthier?
There is a growing recognition that the prevention of child sexual abuse is a critical
public health concern (Daro, 1994;Hammond, 2003; McMahon & Puett, 1999;
Mercy, 1999; Whitaker, Lutzker, & Shelley, 2005 in Whitaker et al., 2008).
Ultimately, to try to convince people or perpetrators of the wrong doing through means to an
end theorisation all over the literature and put forward by the UNICEF itself, is of utmost
concern. Following the cosmopolitan view that we might not reach an agreement not because
we agree on the causes but on the outcomes. That is prostitution might well be ok, or not here
is not the question, women’s health only and not the way people treat people and maintain
them into prostitution. A taboo on the state of our society, displacement of the subject on how
come this type of violations co-occurs with wealth and a more modernised, efficient,
elaborated world, that allow have and have-nots and that anyhow could start counting
prostitution as work. Within these programs, some initiatives can drive away from helping
the victims as far as harnessing the ‘distribution of condom or sexual health advise instead of
tracking down perpetrators and punishing them with penalties’ (Siverts, 2003). If one cannot
deny that it will be preventing sexual transmissible diseases; it is also mere accommodations
towards the crimes. Some will say that it minimises the impacts without addressing what is
42
wrong and evil. But one could also say that it is only enabling the terrors to last longer, with
professionalised ways surrounding them, with nurses and social workers as helpers, instead of
the location holding child and adult sexual trafficking to be judiciary, or militarily sized when
necessary, and no doubt it would be in many cases in order to dismantle then. Instead of this,
children and under-age teenagers are given ‘sex aid’xl.
h) With what to help?
Even though many things are to be improved, the support to victims of human trafficking is
also said to be getting better (Broughton, 2009). Priority should be on the need for a better
education (Brabant, 2011) (Siverts, 2003), vocational training, recreational and social
services (Siverts, 2003). This is true for the children as well as for the caregivers (Brabant,
2011). Organisations such as ‘Stopping child marriage’ and many others, campaign for better
maternal health and every step towards the inclusions of girls into sustainable economic
development (Brabant, 2011), that is basics principles of equality and human rights for all
that are keys Millennium Development Goals (Brabant, 2011).
Of course money and resources are un-controversially needed to break the state of deep
vulnerability in which children and their families, or future victims are secluded (Brabant,
2011), fated to inter-generational repetition- even though perpetrators will take
families apart in order to prevent solidarity (Orchard, 2007) or the better
possibility for self-help to succeed xli. Although funds are crucial, questions remain
about how effectively they could be used if societies are not using the big alleys, such as
schools, police, and judicial active participation. Also as long as work is not a right, self43
sufficiency will not be reached by a portion of the population. Finally, since paedophilia is
also a community, or society related problem, it cannot be staunched by money only, but will
be fuelled by the power unbalances generated by the injustice money provokes or permits.
Give money to the victims, while money has been the tools or the motives of perpetrators,
just cannot be enough.
i) The danger of a so powerful tool
One absolute crime, the one of sexual abuses against children, appeals for ultimate resolution
but what if justice becomes distorted (Astapenia, 2013). One can feel how people in power
could end up resolving in transferring the decision making concerning the child to the
institutions, going as far as separating families that was functionalxlii, or just bullying and
pointing out parents whose only fault is the lack of means (abuses of power where risks does
not exist in the family, for example how gay parents could be targetedxliii as not being stable
enough because of their sexual orientation are enough for the society to alienate or target
them). For yet another confusion in term and amalgamation, paedophiles seek protection
under ‘sexual minorities rights’ often saying that homosexuals are protected under that
category (Munro, 2014) (Huffington Post, 2016). Every at work dishonesty, and preestablished
power abuses could be used to pretend as a right for an adult to enforce sexual
assaults upon children- or to attempt to lower the age of consent (maybe similarly to the age
for voting to be lowered) in order for not qualifying as rape by defaultxliv. Gay people or very
poor people or in precarious situations are the typical examples of who have been
systematically pointed out as being paedophiles (Daily Dot, 2015) because of course,
homophobesxlv or simply people wanting to harm, and control others, would use a paedophile
44
label as the ultimate insults and through it to put doubt on every aspect of the integrity of
those slanders’ victims. On the other hand, decisions must be taken, and without forbidding
the child to still have this parents, to put anything into place to bar any danger of sexual
molestationxlvi. Did sexual abuses on children stay under-checked because of the enormity of
the allegations or revelation? What would happen if people start pointing at without real
proofs, or abuse their power, i.e. the power of assessing family suitability- no greatest distress
for a parent that the loss of their children in case of offspring unjustly remove from family.
Or could it impeach, strong bond between adults and kids to be formed, through the fear of
what situation of proximity or intimacy could then inspire? Or stop distinguishing cases of
relationship between 16 years old and 25 years old, and the persecutions by serial rapists or
expert traffickers?
In parallel to laissez-faire, usually the very people, amongst them politicians that advocate
deregulation will champion punishment such as castrationxlvii. Castrations as tortures have
been widely utilised historically; castration laws are now applied in Macedonia (The
Associated Press, 2014), are considered in Russia (R.T, 2011) and even Australia, and have
been used recently in the US (Johnson, 2011), and in many other countries such as Indonesia.
Such mutilation will not stop a whole business or social or mediatisation trend, that are
backed otherwise and nor will it stop the financial causes, incentivising, domineering,
harming and sadistic attitudes, often at the heart of sexual abuses (Purvis and Ward, 2006). If
failure of justice cannot be repaired. Also paedophilia is torture and do not need a sex drive to
torture. Usually very fundamentalist people asking for castration, might well be the same
people practising FGM or people for so un-equalitarian society that they want to dig deeper
classification, that is castrated the paedophile that did not stay hidden enough or without
enough protection. People advocating castration the same people using prostitution, mainly
fed by un-equalitarian society and women abused from the start of their childhood.
45
Emasculation, bundle of very violent emotional reactions, while backed by regimes
producing inequalities, passive police, economic and educational abysses. And creating
empires too separated and free from a too bias and costly law. One therefore cannot count on
a circus trick, (while Female Genital Mutilations are reintroduced in Europe and in the US,
just as cultural features) analogical enough to the substitute ablation of the entire justice
system guilt.
LITERATURE REVIEWxlviii
a) Are collections of data working at all?
Writers’ opinions diverge. On one hand, statistics attest that data processing has multiplied
(Dottridge, 2008) (Schell et al., 2006) (UNICEF Pacific, 2006), on the other, that they are too
few or vague. Supranational successes have, for example permitted the adoption of the UN
Trafficking Protocol, ‘prompting new research and numerous publications on the subject’
(Dottridge, 2008, p.7). Of course the sine qua non question of availability of data will occur.
UNICEF replies that the visibility of SAAC and children sexual trafficking (at the other end
of the ones on measures promulgated to end it) and the short period of time over which one
can gather insights is in itself telling about how sexual violence against children is alarmingly
present (UNICEF Pacific, 2006). If growing concerns maybe be witnessed, the reality on the
grounds says otherwise. Millions of children are victims of paedophiles, rapists and captors
(Fong and Berger, 2010)xlix. If statistics when they exist present an altogether different
viewpoint from those opinions, from people affirming that things could look up while
46
statistics are tragically high, it must then be the summary or typical diagnosis of a pervasive
phenomenon just coming to the surface. To reconcile these data could be a simple appeal to
deduction. It must be that statistics are implicitly assessed to have been higher beforehandwhich
is historically very likely true in many parts of the world- whence a present
improvement on SAAC compared to a past commonly afflicted with it. Amongst denials,
complicit atonements or normalisation of paedophilia; concerns might in fact arise from an
otherwise desolate land. Even though results from representative samples of populations are
more than disturbing, no appropriate sets of actions are taken matching it. Is the production of
data working at all? Is a real dissemination of the information taking place? Research cannot work
alone, but on top of their practical limitations, they are not conceptually either resulting or
focusing on the eradication of these networks or on pro-active, active and widespread
prevention, if research questions are more on the nature of the crimes rather than on how to
put an end to them. When the eradication of sexual abuses, its stages, efforts, failures, and
successes have not been the intense object of queries, studies then would become the
repository of the determinative enclosure of those violations to the few victims cared for and
to the criminals caught up occasionally and released so distraughtly too soon (Kelly et al,
1995) (Galiana, 2012), escaping any suitable length of punishment, so much so that their
inculpation could end up being the attestation, and the public the witness of these harassing
crimes not being under threat, almost even to the slightest.
b) Data collection
Findings will typically leave some regions and languages under-scrutinised (Lalor, 2003). In
addition, ‘different adoptions of definitions by regional or static organisations make data
comparison and research as a whole extremely difficult’ (Dottridge, 2008, p.50). More
recently, a briefing paper for the 2ndWorld Congress against CSEC (commercial sexual
47
exploitation of children) reported the difficulty for quantification particularly in zones such as
the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (Lalor, 2003). But these barriers to quantification do not
prevent the problems to be felt as existing extensively (Lalor, 2003). Searchers do not need
surveys, statistics or professionally tightly gathered data with the help of the government to
try to figure out the extent of sexual abuses against children. In the sub-Sahara regions for
example, where the subject is openly, willingly undiscussed (Lalor, 2003), ‘commercial
sexual exploitations’ of children in the region continue to be extensive (Lalor, 2003). This
perception in this case comes from the ‘amount of anecdotal evidence’ (Lalor, 2003), that are
more intuitive or deductive assessment than statistics can be. Since sexual abuse goes
unreported (Whitaker et al., 2008), surveys could play a special role, as a tool permitting to
initiate late disclosure, or bringing awareness to the existence, the reality of what occurs.
Finally, enquiries or any investigations related to the victims has to answer concerns over the
victims’ safety (Willis, 2002) through specific ethical procedures. The victims’ safety is
given the possible degree of violence, gravity and barbary of the offences is more than a very
serious prerequisite for the research implications, but also may have people doubtful on how
much experts have been in a real, and pragmatic manner fighting abuses- what are research
made with? Proper independent investigations seem to be unlikely without very strong
security enforced by the states themselves. Once rescued or sheltered, even then, while
thematically, psychology might be felt to be dominant over other fields of study (compared to
political sciences or social sciences), if there are many reviews on the impact of sexual
abusesl, there is much less said about how to reduce the consequences of these traumas (Fong
and Berger, 2010) still affecting the victims. At some point the accounts of the victims’
ordeals might stand for being the vestiges of the rescue process of one individual only (‘lucky
enough’ to have been dealt with)- since the vast majority have not been detected and have no
hope to be.
48
c) Aggregation of data
Amalgam in research comes under the shape of data aggregation. However, how many more
specialists have been put on the task, we know that results are impaired by groupings that
may not differentiate adults from children (Broughton, 2009).
Countries, such as the Republic of Benin, which have incorporated the concept of
‘worst forms of child labour’ into their legislation about human trafficking
(Dottridge, 2008, p.8)
The data emerging from research are so agglomerated that one cannot always differentiate
people suffering from domestic violence, poverty, lack of education and when having
determinate that people suffer from trafficking, the data cannot specify whether the
trafficking was work exploitation such as child and force labour or trafficking related to
sexual exploitation (Dottridge, 2008). Some others discard the enquiry on sexual abuses
altogether, and instead will list it under ‘physical forms of child abuse such as excessive
corporal punishment, infanticide, and female circumcision’ (Lalor, 2003, p.443). The
resulting vagueness and approximation of information could be at the sources of
impoverished, in fact misleading, almost senseless, perhaps demeaning views- creating more
confusion or obscuring the truth about the suffering and harm taking place. The practical
reasons for the origins of those entangled pictures of real situations are that a crime is in
general followed by other crimes- whence this accumulation. Also the multiplicity of the
assaults experienced is one of the main factors rendering people less and less apt at fighting
back and at appearing in any surveys anyhow (because of the possible many and repeated
49
traumas and tortures of various nature made by the perpetrators purposefully). The
complexity and the extreme cruelty of what the victim has endured might mean that someone
may be on statistics when she is a woman, though having been a victim since she was a child;
she might suffer from drugs abuses, prostitution, mental health, and illnesses related diseases
(Whitaker et al., 2008). She might be exploited as a worker, and also abused and used
sexually. She might be the object of trade, and be on record for poverty (Whitaker et al.,
2008).
Yet again, it demonstrates of an amalgamation of ideas and data, but this could hide another
reality, that these violations such as sexual violence are not singularised and therefore are not
more targeted and punished than other type of abuses, less significantly ‘destroying, or
stealing’ the lives of the ‘imprisoned’ victims. This could be signs of an agenda of levelling
down of the penalties as to not being able to punish any crimes efficiently, in a society that
had reverted to secrecy and not telling anything to the authorities out of fear of being
sanctioned by abhorrent laws unable to set appropriate and proportionate responses to crimesthat
is to sentence petty larceny and crimes of this level of infamy with same penalties. This
absence might also come from it to be less provable, as crimes might be conducted with more
discretion, secrecy, and that pedophilia is a subject of great ‘shame’li, astonishingly for the
victims, and stigmatisationlii. Sadly, professionals here to help might also be in no position to
further assistance in front of victims so afraid and ‘brain-washed’ that they will refuse the
help given. Help might turn to be too sporadic and hesitant, with the child and professionals’
situations being too at little protected, or in too feeble situations to rally the resources
necessary to be safe from the abusers, the networks of abusers or incompetent civil servants,
police, social services or NGOs’ staffs. Societies permitting sexual abuses are clearly a threat
to the individuals interacting within or with them (Brabant, 2011) (Orchard, 2007). If one
individual was victim of paedophilia it would not be a lesser problem, but the numbers of
50
children violated instead of being the result of isolation are the result of rejection, and render
less and less impossible hope for interventions, changes, preventions, and even education.
d) Misappropriation of the language by professionals
All the way, reports mention such things as ‘labour and smuggling’’ instead of ‘trafficking’,
‘child prostitution’, ‘sex industry’ and so forth. To talk about prostitution instead of horrific
crimes and the punishment that are linked to them, will with certainty impact on how these
issues are considered, tackled or ignored. Prostitution should have been reworded to phrases
conveying how children have been traded and sexually raped, neutralised, harmed and
tortured against money. The same applies with children called prostitutes but not trafficked,
enslaved children by the sex trades. Alongside it people tend to use vocabulary from a milieu
that endorses sexual abuse against children. It is not even about the percentage of
professionals using these terms instead of words reflecting the crimes they attempt to
designate. It is no longer the question, this paper uses these erroneous terms similarly since a
lack of reformulation rules over the impossibility of naming those abuses otherwise.
Professionals use the ‘new wave’ name depicting what have been defended as being ‘sex
work’ for adults, and from there, one will define victims as being within (or rather belonging
to) the ‘sex industry’ (Broughton, 2009, p.2). The ‘sex industry’, as it is erroneously called,
using children as victims, is expending. Left indefinitely like this and the by default
classifications, academic quotes and phrases would then legitimate it as being a business
rather than a crime industry of the most horrendous (if not so vilified) and punishable type of
abuses.
51
The number of children involved in national and international sex industry
(Broughton, 2009, p.2)
as it is inappropriately and shamelessly called
e) Rehabilitation, resocializationliii?
”13 Article 9.3 of the Optional Protocol requires States Parties to “take all feasible
measures” to ensure all appropriate assistance to children who are victims of offences
mentioned in the Protocol, “including their full social reintegration and their full
physical and psychological recovery” (Broughton, 2009, p.12).
It is true that aiming at full inclusion, and full protection is essential and has by any means to
be reminded and observed. Though this kind of formulation also infers that these same
professionals do not know what they specialise in. They are the signs of a too easy,
permissive, self-uncritical, satisfied jargon typifying once again that the burden is put on the
child (Purvis and Ward, 2006) to fully recovered from what may be nearly impossible to. In
that case pathologies could be treated as not normal and be punished as particularities, and
symptoms or signs (type of resilience or healing processes that will be discounted, ignored or
unexamined) could then be perceived as backwards or as inner deficiencies. It is also
forgetting or erasing the ongoing realities of people having been or being harassed, and
victimised. It pronounces the abuses as mendable, just a blip in the course of one’s life- it is
trivialising it. Even though people jargon about sexual exploitation on children, they routinely
used economic terms just like ‘rehabilitating’ them into general trading, and where even
there, growth is ‘attained’. ‘Full reintegration’ resounds as the pride of a social system that
52
simultaneously ‘allows’ that to remains well-known and left aside perpetrations,
promulgating or providing at last, the perspective of being integrated to the system: as a
reward, a final and late join-in.
f) Too little is conscientiously done
Research should demonstrate very detailed ways of fighting networks, now not one example
is to be found. This would be possible while respecting privacy data and other sensitive
information but the supposition is that the police or social services doing investigations,
preventions schemes, or of detection, are not really researched by independent boards,
assessing and evaluation information and procedures, and also keeping the work of the state
and civil societies, and of diverse agencies in check- with the enhanced possibility for
coordination, or self-awareness. Here again a culture of secrecy harms professionals and
public with censorship on information, there is no tracking down even towards the
institutions who are supposed to protect population. That work frame impediments
transparency, and obligation to results.
Endnote on methodology: liv
CONCLUSION
Vulnerability, candour, ignorance, inexperience, the need for help with self-development and
education- the inevitable dependence of children or teenagers upon maturity and adulthood
are of course key elements at making the enslavement of children easier. Perpetrators are also
using and exploiting poverty, as well as employing deception, while the victims tend to come
53
predominantly from parents or communities themselves undergoing precariousness, or from
families of perpetrators. When it comes to the types of abuses, the statistics available tend to
not differentiate between them. Many reports translate into agglomerated data not
distinguishing between physical abuses and sexual abuses. Whereas agglomerated data blur
assessment accuracy and reliability, often children sexually molested suffer from many other
abuses. Though a lot of research has been carried out on traumas, writers denounce a lack of
literature around how to treat the victims towards better recovery; this also reflects the lack of
social and legal measures ending the victims’ isolations and sufferings.
Abuses reflect also how criminals organize sexual tortures and other excruciations as sexual
tortures generally imply innumerable forms of deprivations and agony, compiled in order to
maintain the victims in states of complete coercion and imprisonment, be they physical,
mental, financial or social. While labour exploitation could be compensable, sexual
exploitation is not, as it leaves unhealable physical, psychological and mental injuries. It
involves successions of manipulative onslaughts achieving the objectives of stifling, stealing
lives’ skills, or any possibility of even living. Chapter two has at its core the main causes of
low rates of convictions. These are proven records of inappropriate legislation, defective
enforcement or even complaisant police or magistrates. These deficiencies show a practically
de-facto tolerated pornography, rife on the internet that has become a venue for abusers,
strengthened networks, and participated in ‘legitimising’ the occurrences and recurrences of
crimes.
Agonisingly, under-aged individuals may be harassed for ‘prostitution’ related offenses such
as solicitation or incitation instead of being taken care of. Judges might protect pedophiles
associations and activities or literature under ‘freedom of expression’ regulations. The
children, not only the victims of organized crimes sometimes of international scale, will be
the victims, and the admonishment-bearers of police itself. Police and the judicial systems
54
proven to be criminalizing children and teenagers as if they were part of or responsible for
associated crimes, is the ultimate betrayal, stigmatisation and denial by the only or at least the
unavoidable place where one should be given and be able to ask for protection- more than
that they are openly complicit in acts of terror. Between people pushing for predations to be
accepted and the reprobation of victims, one could draw a parallel with what happens with
prostitution, and how it could be used for sexual abuses against children (SAAC). The
criminalization of prostitution spurred on the movement for the legalisation of prostitution,
because officials do not help people victims of prostitution but in fact further harm them.
Chapter II and III converge in reviewing the lack of coordination and cooperation between
international and national legislative departments, policies and agencies, and the openly
disengaged judicial prosecution and punishment systems, supported by a culture of secrecy or
of toleration that validates abuses.
Chapter III addresses the larger communities’ reactions or roles. Rare peak viewing time
programs about pockets of child sexual trade operate unhidden serve as indicators of how the
rest of the society is ‘tolerant’ ‘or blinkered’. The subsequent but not subsidiary question is
by whom the abuses are perpetrated, condone, downplayed, normalised or ignored. What has
started to be demonstrated is the way these crimes perdure, and this tacitly because of the
mainstream systems’ inability, the systems of the majority, and therefore everybody’s failure,
at fighting back. Within that account, the question still not quite answered in the literature or
in this dissertation, is how much vulnerable society itself may be (and how come it is) to let
itself and the children it is supposed to protect be violated in such horrific ways. Half of the
answer lies in the rate and frequency SAAC are committed, in places including family,
schools, and social services. Economic, social and cultural changes may be accused of many
an evil while cultures or the patterns within which people insist on hiding behind the
protection of amorality they benefit from, are at the origins of a system tolerating, even
55
pushing for abuses to happen. The depiction of pasts or places rid with paedophilia is often
use for ideological reasons, or for nostalgia to help getting away from present responsibilities;
if not for openly adulating situations that were more prone to incest and explicit enslavement.
The traditional argument is an epitome of how cultures use social reproduction in order to be
conduct atrocities they do not combat or acknowledge.
Advances in technologies that are made in favour of criminal rings and that are not matched
up by police or legislation, and social fractures not social changes, have facilitated people
exploitation of one another. To talk about changes for the worst being responsible is also true,
what does not change however is that whenever societies permit the fragilization of
individuals, then plights often extensionally growing onto the vulnerabilised individual loom
and hit. Chapter IV acknowledges the building-up of conventions and programs of
intervention. At the international level, professionals are still tied and in many ways defeated
by a lack of data at the national level. The lack of will or of means will logically impair or
render impossible worldwide data collection, and coherent, coercive actions. As for the
NGOs’ input, though indispensable, a trend in correlation with lesser sentencing, their
programs tend to focus on how warning parents and children (though parents may often be
made powerless or the direct/indirect reasons or the facilitators of the abuses) or
psychologizing the situations of the abusers or victims alike without aiming enough at
tackling causes external to the immediate children’ s environment such as targeting networks,
or solving the debilitating results often yielded by police, social services, and all other
specialised agencies failing their duties. Perhaps though hopes might lie in better efficiency in
coordination, cooperation, prevention, protection and recovery schemes, all of which are in
place already.
56
Health reasons has been given as the redundant reasons for countering paedophilia, not the
necessary attacks on predators. Justifying the crack down on SAAC this way is to assist to a
diminished argument of justifications and morals between people who fight paedophilia and
those who would like to see it legalised. To have to argue this way is the proof that
combating the rape of children is not to be taken for granted but has to be positively and
strictly protected), as people winning over the possibility of the laws becoming even more lax
on these crimes against humanity could in fact be imminent.
Facing an overwhelming numbers of unresolved cases, politicians also could be prone to have
recourse to sporadic means of tortures, like castration, or the stereotyping of perpetrators in
launching homophobic campaigns advocated within societies that back pornography the rest
of the time.
That the amounts of academic inputs have risen is only normal, and go with increasing
interest for social sciences in general. Poor quality has shown through reiterated
classifications or disqualifications of aggregated data, of which amongst many others, is data
being about adults instead of being about children – or of surveys not distinguishing between
the two. Data and information collection at times are so extremely vague that it suggests a
taboo strongly influencing professionals and researchers. Furthermore, very serious questions
about definitions or wording are present through core texts. Severe lexical malapropisms such
as disserting about ‘the prostitution of children’ rather than sexual atrocities and
sequestration, and repeated, organized, institutionalized serial rapes, or about an industry of
sex rather than designating it as criminal coalitions conducting the perpetrations of those
atrocities. Offenses that with not doubt when organised or the subject of re-offending belong
to crimes against humanity
However, one will have to interrogate themselves on whether this is a predicament due to
language limitations or not. Academics and professionals in many papers and lectures or
57
interviews, and in fact purely academic ones, that have for responsibilities to establish
communication, public relations, and a common and shared vocabulary, cannot misuse words
by mistake on a regular basis. The role of scholars is to understand and use words in an
appropriate manner as they convey directly or indirectly the frame of meaning in which the
more official side of society will be able to communicate, legitimizing unfit vocabulary can
only be the officialisation of atrocities into trade or into normativity (reflecting or following
decriminalization). People’s and above all academics’ inadequate lexicon could be nothing
but still slightly hidden political statements about their approvals or not entire disapprovals of
‘prostitution’ and the violation of children’s entire lives. If children are said to be easy to
manipulate, then how should we qualify or interpret these words, the keys of understandings,
of premises, the leading and asserting powers they have on people?
While erroneous words are used, the same impasses are met when writing; more appropriate
words are just not there. Similarly, it is when trying to avoid repetitions that one has to come
to the conclusion that crimes with such implications do not have synonyms. Then tortures,
abuses, crimes, agony, excruciations, are in use permanently and at all time one must come to
the admission that even the strongest words cannot but abysmally minimize the truth. In this
field, one found themselves, in a continuous manner at a loss for designations, real
descriptive or prescriptive phrases or expressions. When looking for synonyms of victims, the
dozens supposed to be the closest to the term “victim” ’s are derogatory and colloquial.
Names such as ‘scapegoat’, legal or insurance vocabulary such as ‘party’, or ‘casualty’ that
stop conveying the nature of the attack, and therefore the culpability. Lack of preventive and
punitive actions, lack in data and access bringing awareness and enabling criticism of how
seriously and effectively or not SAAC are stopped by the authorities just shows how the
overall mechanism is unsuccessful in treating it as a national concern. Parallel to SAAC, two
huge reasons for it being unsuccessfully tackled is prostitution as a whole and unemployment.
58
They are of great concerns since the need for cash will allow perpetrations to go on. In
contrast with the sizeable on air time or items anwering to worries about how to perfect
childhood and all other periods of life’s wellbeing in these parts of the society free from the
fear of trafficking, many other discussions thrive on how to secure future ‘sex workers’.
Could society be the victim or culprit of some kind of militantism in prostitution politic? As
succinctly demonstrated, the importance of prostitution here is creeping in again, because
those destructive, violently, intrinsically harming crimes against children are how criminal
rings secure future ‘sex workers’ or the future of sex work. Abated through legislation,
media, inertia, SAAC are a societal product, and must be resolved by society. Now SAAC are
also the effects of unemployment and the glorification of financial gains by any means or
whenever one does not have to justify the way money is exchanged. That SAAC do not urge
proactive reactions resulting in program able to reach every child is or the sign of the
institutions being cynically drafted or drawing onto arguments of debilitative fatality, or the
sign of social and political subservience to SAAC.
The conclusive comment is how little is done, and contrarily to how serious the propagation
or at least the consolidation of the problems is, through technical means and more and more
complex networks and associations, of what cannot be more heinous types of crimes. A
consensus of ‘that should never happen again’ has been issued on persecutions such as
genocides. Remembrances days and regular campaigns have triggered awareness of these
horrors of the past and modern history as a warning against present ones. Martyrizing
children (besides genocide other important criteria: its being the result of mass violence)-
should be treated, as far as organised crimes and recidivism are concerned, as genocide legal
equivalent, prosecuted and punished like any gross crimes against humanity. All SAAC
obviously cannot be treated the same, according to gravity, age of the criminals, nature of the
attack and moreover by the very possible lack of awareness doubled by incentives of the
59
sexualisation of relationships potentially playing an important role in the attacks or sexual
acts, i.e., people guilty of SAAC out of ignorance or immaturity rather than intent to destroy.
On a whole, as a defence against legislative ambiguity or defection, a duty of proportionality,
reciprocity and balance prevails, leading to call into question how has been made possible
that daily rapes and molestations, the sexual exploitations of children- without forgetting
those of adults- are not regarded and sanctioned just as any other genocide attempt would be?
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APPENDIX
i Associations, laws, judiciary, executive, civil servants, and civil society.
ii the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime 2000, and in Article
4 of the Council of Europe Convention on action against Trafficking in Human Beings 2005:
“Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms
of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a
64
position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to
achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose
of exploitation (O Briain, 2006, p.22).
iii
Many of the girls forced into prostitution in Atlanta were kidnapped or lured from
public places, such as movie theaters, schools, bus stops and shopping malls. After
years of victimization, many of these girls looked similar to child prostitutes from
abusive backgrounds despite their circumstances and different means of entry into
prostitution. (Fong and Berger, 2010, p.313).
iv The millions of victims go in stark contrast with the low figures of indictment or victims’
protections issues by Interpol or other police. Despite explanation or rather watering down
factors such as growing population, more powerful tool of ‘distribution’ and of unsupervised
or clandestine networking; or more positively that actual abuses are not hidden by child
marriage, the complete absence of criminalisation, of reporting or of prosecutions, we assist
to a growing strength and impunity facing an often disempowered, distanciated or disengaged
public, politic and legal opinions or mechanisms.
v From an attempt at mapping the general literature about the fight against paedophilia, a
feeling of almost vacuum or desertion might arise. Come up various, but not numerous,
articles about a few mediatised stories, depicting the horrors lived or live by one, not by the
hundreds of thousands current victims left aside. Also to test academics’ works against the
more populist viewpoint and actions led publically through media, or information programs
aiming at the general population or addresses to professionals such as social workers,
teachers, or within the tourist industry is not really possible due to the, what could be named,
a taboo stance, a culture of secrecy only rivalling or mirroring by the culture of secrecy of
criminality, or sectarian obscurantism on the subject.
Paucity of data could or in fact more than data but investigat ions and follow-up might
also be due to low level of disclosure. In searching a topic, one has always has to
interrogate the present debate and information. When individual analyses mostly in the field
of psychology resorting on the plight of a little number of victims, the paucity of all of the
latter might come from the primary lack or opacity of information or investigations. In turn,
blatant vacuum might come from the disequilibrium of power the subject touches on. The
victims are caught between the grey area of familial and private doing, easily manipulated by
abusers forcing people into ignorance, doubt and silence, between a judiciary system
notoriously failing their duty, and traumatic events that may have impaired the victims
cognitively, and a mid-lawful mid-criminal mafia making billions of dollars through the
exploitation of sexual predation and depravation – a consumption of sex supported by and
supporting violence, abuses, staging rapes and entrapment, exploiting people made
vulnerable, and poverty, altogether aiming at them becoming what will be then appreciated
and justified as being common and normalised.
65
If literature sometimes suggests or an increased number of research or the too little quality of
them due to lack of funding, lack of coordination or just political, judicial competency or
will; the overall acknowledgment is that even though, there might be a growing concern for
sexual exploitation, and sexual abusers preying on underage children, it is nearly not as much
as the echo of decupling actual means for trade and spread of such paedophilic
marketization’. Every one attests of this: through internet and the coordinated
internationalisation of criminality, networks keep on developing. Those criminals are not
caught. It is due by the lack of cooperation between different national or regional polices,
states, policy-makers and also by the weakness or evasiveness of certain policies while others
are openly lenient, and damaging to the children victims of these horrific crimes. Internet
stands as an ever extensionally decupling means of sharing incredible amounts of
information, at a very fast speed, and at no cost. Vastly unregulated criminals of such grave
and pervert, sadistic activities such as paedophilia remain quasi-unworried, as websites and
forums will stay unanimous, and anyhow not investigated. Protocols such as the internet
service providers deciding to close paedophilic or other forums, without even to have a duty
to call the police, therefore precluding the police in turn from exerting its duty to investigate
it, tied with a duty to perform in a proactive and professional way.
vi Here lack of information is definitively an issue for a person that think they are legally
being left at the hands of the perpetrators, or legally detained or abused, but information still
is likely not to be enough without authorities’ protection of victims. Even when it is there, the
nature of being children render the victims so dependent of their abusers that to know about
the crimes if prevention is not done actively would equate to just wait for the victims to turn
up by themselves, and to be immune to the glooming perspective of becoming a victim when
in care via the social services.
Since families are the primary barriers to abuse or the ones that may convey it, and the first
environment in which a child is raised; unfortunately, solutions to abuses or at least to
patterns that would lead a child to being exploited in the future are difficult to put in place.
As we will see later in this dissertation, education within the communities and actions
forbidding children prostitution and prostitution at large, together with real job opportunities
for everyone underlined how structural, comprehensive and global, solutions have to be.
vii Most victims of international trafficking come from Southeast Asia, Latin America,
Eastern Europe and Newly Independent States and the average age of child victims of
trafficking is about 13 or 14 (Barnitz, 2001; Boxill & Richardson, 2007). Although
the trafficking of boys for commercial sexual purposes is typically unreported, the
International Labor Organization (ILO) and UNICEF estimate that 2% of all
commercial sexual exploitation is with boys (U.S. Department of State, 2008 in
Broughton, 2009, p.39).
viii Broughton goes on specifying that trafficking of persons occurs also domestically and
vulnerable childrenviii within the United States are at-risk of sexual exploitation (Broughton,
2009).
66
ix A growing number of American children are trafficked into the national and international
sex industry (Fong and Berger, 2010).
x
At the family levelx: Low level of education in the family, sexual abuse within the
family, lack of family support within the educational system, substance
abuse/addiction/alcoholism, history of abuse and violence within the family, lack of
communication between parents and children, absence of parental support (O Briain,
2006, p.4).
including subcategories of Childhood Abuse, Poor Parenting Practices, Parental
Instability, and Parental Loss. (Whitaker et al., 2008, p.535).
When trying to established a profile of the children the most at risks most of their
vulnerability comes from family themselves being perpetrators, by letting perpetrators
abusing them or by not being able to protect them (in case when family or communities are
the targets themselves). Though this account of the situations does not help solving what will
appear to be caught in vicious cycles. Moreover, it dismisses how much the environment, as
in the society and not the family, are letting people suffering just because laws do not reach
the ones that are hidden, the ones without resources, and in case of children the ones that do
not have knowledge enough because of not being exposed to legal and societal system and to
what society should provide as safety nets in order for familial and private abuses to not go
on.
xi Although child prostitution is often associated with international trafficking, Estes and
Weiner (2002) showed that this is only one aspect of child prostitution. Estes and Weiner
(2002) suggest that as many as 244,000 American youth are at-risk of commercial
sexual exploitation each year (Broughton, 2009).
xii
Commercialised or not.
This could constitute one of the causes or consequences why no real attempt at educating
children against sexual abuses do not occur at school. As a displacement of the taboos when
it is dealt with, whereas it has been proven, even despite the fact that main campaigns put
forward the evidence that most predators are known to the direct surrounding of the victims
and not caused predominantly by people strangers to the child.
Of course, focusing on trafficking is crucial but as in reproduction and production, as long as
criminal networks are not as powerful as to kidnap and detain their victims, many of the
children and of the adults victimised this way have been victims from their earlier age within
their familial or community environment. Not tackling private or familial issues are an old by
default judicial and political stances that lead to the impossibility of look into what
communities as a whole do. Yet again the fact that situations are not defined properly could
67
lead to the system being unprepared vis a vis intervention. However, that commercial sexual
exploitations are neglected is also a valid comment. The focus is on the sexual abuse of
children in the home/community, as opposed to the commercial sexual exploitation
of children (Lalor, 2003, p.460).
Maybe then when it comes to intervention as news about rigs dismantlement is very few
apart, also through lack of testimony.
xiii crimes knowns to bring money, and whose trade is to inspire a daily terror enabling the
trauma and tetanise people thorough their lives.
xiv Child marriage, paedophiles networking, be them informal, official or the outcome of total
abandonment to what is done within families or within mafia or criminal circles are certainly
the main components attached to this effect.
xv The Supreme Court has had trouble drawing a line between legal and obscene sexual
images. Some judges, like Black and Douglas, argued that the First Amendment protected all
speech, including sexual speech and images arguing that the legislature, not the Court, should
draw the line between (Schlebaum, 1992, p.916).
xvi
xvii Boxill and Richardson (2007) found that these children were frequently involved in
the juvenile justice system and their behavior criminalized. As a result, their
abductions and long histories of physical and sexual abuse were ignored (Fong and
Berger, 2010, p.315)
xviii Tate admits to “genuine fury at the bland complacency of lawyers, judges, and law
makers,” who persistently choose to misunderstand, disbelieve or reject evidence
(Schlebaum, 1992).
xix Capture how children are found and placed within societal circles seemingly seamed by
the very authority of citizens’ everyday security and justice.
xx Girl C said her adoptive mother went to social services in 2004 to beg
for help. She said: “Mum wrote to all the key people in social services,
called her own case conferences, invited agencies and got them sitting
around the table, but they just passed the parcel between them – and all
the while, I was getting increasingly under the power and influence of the
gang.” (The guardian, 2013, p.1).
Two years later council agreed to put the girl in a temporary care home, but by then
Girl C said: “It was too late: the grooming process had run its course. I was
completely under their [the gang’s] control.” (The guardian, 2013, p.1).
68
Shortly after she was trafficked from Oxford to London for the first time, Girl C said,
she had tried to talk to staff at the care home but was told the conversation was
“inappropriate” (The guardian, 2013, p.1).
xxi A question on wording remain, on how victims may be able to understand how to report it.
To this effect, and the one of prevention, and also the ones of making sure that offenders
associate pedophilia as a crime and not be themselves victims of immature judgments or be
influenced by pervasive tendentious societal attitudes.
xxii Would it be due to a changing society losing some of its humane values or economic or
social stability or the growing concern and will of starting tackling or at least addressing the
problem or even the fact that paedophilia cannot be hidden any longer within families’
system such as when the children are in total dependence of adults or families or when facing
a reluctant police or states.
xxiii The UNICEF report found that 120 million girls and women under 20 had endured forced
sexual acts, with such experiences especially common in some developing countries – about
70% of girls suffer sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Equatorial
Guinea – and an estimated 50% in Uganda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, UNICEF said (Walker,
2014, p.1).
xxiv A UNICEF report published this week details the plight of more than 500 sexually
exploited children and a flourishing sex trade serving mainly German paedophiles and “sex
tourists” (Schlagenhauf, 2005, p.1).
[…]
children are picked up at petrol stations, supermarkets, bus stations, and lay-bys by male,
often middle-class, Germans (Schlagenhauf, 2005, p.3).
The clients are paedophiles or sex tourists who drive to the Czech–German border
specifically for child sex, attractive because of the reduced risk of “AIDS and other diseases”,
she said (Schlagenhauf, 2005, p.3).
xxv Amongst the Gusii people, crimes are perpetrated particularly by ‘classificatory fathers of
their victims (i.e., they are closely related members of their victims’ parents’ generation’) or
‘rape of prepubescent girls by adult men or actual father-daughter incest’ (Lalor, 2003, p
442)
xxvi In as far as hidden or inclusive sexual perpetrations are concerned, from castes, to
criminal rings, to child marriage, or dire poverty and unemployment, and lack of resources
where peer pressures towards degradation is more certain to take place, another confusion
might run its course. The inducing of amalgams with consent or nature or functions where the
society is so corrupted that duress or physical coercion is induced in and within the whole
system. Where people do not hold any power and rights to their own person and in equality to
69
others, and in which subjugation is sustained with mental and psychological brain-washing, a
culture of silence and a culture in fact a community all pressurising or letting people
enslaving and torturing children. A system of exclusion and seclusion practicing disablement
via social circles.
xxvii
Human traffickers operate in circumstances where there are large
numbers of people who are desperate for a better life, because of poverty,
or lack of real opportunities, or because of personal difficulties, and when
there is a demand for their labour or services in another place. Much of
the ‘demand’ is for sexual services. (O Briain, 2006, p.6)
xxviii In any cases, all of these characteristics are but derivatives of societal constructions that a
society looking for signs of possible enslavement would like to imagine as being the best way
to suit all parasite-like stances they could then impose.
xxix Only one story one at a time, impeach the bigger picture to emerge, result maybe of what
cannot be investigated, journalists cannot hold only on witnesses but would have to process
onto the gathering of other types of evidence.
xxx From the diverse scandals in rich countries involving rich individuals, to the 2015
grooming scandals in the UK, to the USA very high rates of child ‘prostitution’ and marriage,
to countries like Cambodia, Thailand and the Philippines or specific towns in eastern Europe
or Africa, the targets of ‘sex tourism’ profiteering from what society as a whole proves itself
to incompetent to authoritatively stop.
The great advantage of the images is that they prove how journalists, infiltrate or follow
networks of paedophiles, without any problems, in an often completely open-air places where
the ‘sales’ of children for sexual abuses take place daily. These reporting though not
academics by nature just demonstrate how police, justice, law and human decency has then
disappeared from the very society ruling them.
xxxi Also what if the state is unable to raise or help children, such as with the Saville scandals,
or the scandals that go on and on but quietly in care industry = whatever privatised or not or
‘agencised’= the state care system leading children to prostitution or condemned life barred
with education.
Poverty that makes everyone in situation of vulnerability (Whitaker et al., 2008).
xxxii When no valid reason is given it has the potentiality or role of a statement, fabricating
myths of arranged and forced marriage, child marriage and what will be called ‘prostitution’
of underage girls and boys -maybe located in neighbour places that the one discussed- and in
unreported situations, where all people are foreign and strangers, where investigating one’s
clans would rhyme with banishment.
70
xxxiii Hidden as well through forced and arranged marriage or ‘simply’ by ‘officialised’ or
totally despised ‘adult prostitution, which just up to now, is not fought or is not viewed as
prostitution with sexual horrendous crimes against minors, but just as prostitution whatever
the setting, degree of abuses, enslavement, coercion, dependence, autonomy, and age of the
victims.
xxxiv
In a sense, excluded from the radical feminist approach to intervention means that the
focus is shifted from men who sexually abuse are not outside society but neither are
they wholly reducible to it. They are neither totally powerful, nor the victims of forces
beyond their control (Purvis and Ward, 2006, p.303).
Sexual practices serve to create and maintain power relations between men and
between men and being: sexually in charge, dominant, sexually successful, detached
and self-focused, predatory, conquest-like, phallocentric, secretive, and immoral,
whilst minimizing sexual inadequacy (Purvis and Ward, 2006, p.303).
For some men, therefore, sexual practices such as sexual behavior with a child may
be a key experience through which power is derived and masculinity is accomplished
(Purvis and Ward, 2006, p.307).
Such as the inevitability of heterosexuality. Trained to appear heterosexual or not
homosexual, will justify any sexualised behaviour, forced sexualisation role or enrolment
(allegiance, mimic, imitation) of the relation.
Furthermore, the emphasis on children’s obedience to adults and male supremacy over
females allow men to yield a double authority over girls (Lalor, 2003).
xxxv
Internet is the ‘absolute best hunting ground (for a) pedophile’. It is “the most
efficient pornography distribution engine ever conceived.” Child pornography is
particularly rampant on the Internet because pedophiles can transmit and download
illegal pictures anonymously (Esposito, 1998, p.3).
xxxvi Like for other types of campaigns aimed at redressing tort or addressing government or
populations even with endemic and serious topics, energy and information often get lost on
the way.
xxxvii We also have seen that added to the confusion on how to define and target precisely
those abuses, the sense of their being particularly horrendous, and the sense of its gravity, and
with it the appropriateness of sanctions and the emergency of such situations, have affected
the cohesion and coherence of actions at the same time as leaving people in inaction or
without the necessary tools.
71
xxxviii: Media though have an effect on this issue, one it may render the issue unrealistic, from
the virtual domains, just like pornography or suggestive images within mainstream mass
media features younger and younger people, by process of infantilisation and others. It also
makes the ‘trade’ of paedophiliac literature, image, depiction or actual acts, its proliferation.
xxxix
Another 6-year-old boy was able to tell his mother of sexual abuse by his
older cousin after his sister, mother, and he had watched a television
program about paedophiles (Jensen et al., 2005, p.1408).
xl In any account how can we count on disclosure of the worst evil, while professionals of the
mainstream society are all around facilitating it to appear cleaner. The most horrendous on
that account is the sizeable amount of academics and social workers of all types openly for
prostitution and supporting it.
The reason to counter pedophilia for the sake of society, productivity and health and not to
free individuals from torture and enslavement, brought up the questions on the debates
themselves- open towards a mean to what end?
xli Vulnerability is a key word. But instead of being the vulnerability of the victims only,
‘vulnerability’ of community and even of the society and its guards, such as policies, polices,
legal system and the social services are here implicated. Or else how can one explain such
results. When not complicit, it takes to be endangered, or to be too weak to be able to react
against, to account for the amount of inaction or inappropriate measures taken, letting what is
called the sex industry to its atrocities.
xlii potentially dangerous a cohort of psychologists and social workers, liable to subjectivities,
salaries pressures, judgmental attitudes, social services eager to create jobs, normative
pressures, neglect, misinformation, tight time-management, and much more given that the
notorious use of the system psychologists put into place obeying pharmaceutical priorities on
one hand and possibly be a tool of political coercion on the other hand could be when starting
to be invasive and judgemental of situations that may be too complex and intricate to gather
without a much more profound work that the one operating.
xliii Destroy lives in turn, as the same mentality that permits children to be sexually abused or
enslaved, would permit the notion of paedophilia to help them with destroying the lives of
those falsely accused with it- that clearly deserves worst term of imprisonment and
disqualified sanity, and responsibility (could affect right to vote, obviously to certain
professions, and in fact affect people action and interaction within society). When in fact in
turn people would be held at gunpoint with such accusations, ironically orchestrated by the
actual abusers themselves, as well as how adults/children relationship could be affected in the
72
distanciation people would have to take facing a suspicion or rather frantic control done out
of hysteria or power abuses).
xliv It is when one could suspect that sentences are equal to rapes against adults but not on
rapes against children, of rapes, often when rapes on adults are themselves trivialised, even
though both should be treated as egregious crimes. All the same, rapes against children has
something the society cannot prevent without the most drastic imprisonment- for recidivists.
xlv All very conscious fake attacks usually by persons agreeing with other types of abuses, but
frightening enough for people to revert into all kind of silencing.
xlvi This is a very delicate matter, as long as psychological, and mental abuses are concerned.
But having stating that we have to admit that a place for all family giving safe shelter, and for
all children, a place of education, equity and security is not always available at all, and this is
the bigger issues of children that finally are abused with so much ease, because of the
children being removed from society. This is thus a societal problem concerning politics and
class, and the educational system, that are all at the very heart of the construction of societies
and communities.
xlvii The gathering of thousands of indecent assault on children on each computer (BBC,
2002) gives an idea on how widespread commercial abuses is.
xlviii Growing number of victims. This phrase is certainly the most shocking and widespread
in the literature on present sexual abuses on children. While the number of crimes reported,
noticed and dealt with is on the rise, one also can suppose that the number of the known or
suspected victims is up because concern itself and world population are increasing, and not
due to a level of abuse that is getting worse compared to past situations when cultures of
secrecy and tabooisation have stifled the discussions or condemnations around them, and
normalised these horrendous perpetrations altogether. Also the now possible or permissible
expression, reporting and criminalisation contribute to a swell in statistics about the numbers
of victims, but might be a positive outcome as before solicitude could not have been
expressed. If a better awareness of the extent of child sexual abuses occur, then a better
defence ought to follow.
xlix ‘The United States are higher than international estimates of abuse. In North America
several studies show that 30–40% of female children and 13% of male children experience
sexual abuse (Bolen& Scannapieco, 1999; Briere & Elliott, 2003; Corcoran & Pillai,2008 in
Fong and Berger, 2010)
l If the literature on the subject is very interesting and the object of vast academic study, at
times the account of actions may be suggesting inertia or data duplication. Redundancy of
data, and scenarios, same descriptions, sometimes not really needed from official reports of
73
papers (UNICEF Pacific, 2006), make the reader wonder whether people end up reading the
same classic information about perpetrators, situations, without added details or notions.
li Whatever the reason, it is combined with all other abuses, and at the same time includes all
other abuses, as aggressions by nature sexual and the degree of coercion it requires, will also
be physical, emotionally, psychological mental violations all at the same time (Lalor, 2003).
It also consequently aims at keeping children as totally dependent in order to be kept in state
of slavery, the long term aims their abusers, by triggering and upholding traumas who harm
children and teenagers cognitively.
lii lii More research than intervention, or at least more papers on research (victims focused)
rather than papers on how institutions fight back, and punish, and on how to improve their
efficiency. Many researchers remind the fact that their studying a crime, in fact of the worst
kind, make the subject very secretive, at the image of the criminal society perpetrating them.
But what can only make matters worse is that in addition to enquiring into mafia-like or
‘private, familial horrors of incest’, is how academics research itself has been impaired by
secretiveness. They themselves work on statistics and case studies once one survivor out of
thousands have been sheltered. But what about the process and the dire necessity of
surveying police, social workers, and activists themselves into dismantling mafia networks?
Ultimately, what might push someone to research the subject is not the lack of research
themselves but the lack of measures taken against it
liii These amalgamations through data is one of the many seeded by words. It makes us
oblivious of the gravity of what sexual abuses are. The ‘killing’ of an individual, whose
traumas goes beyond repair, because of the abuses impact themselves but also as society not
through disempowerment this time but complicit actions often reacts with further
stigmatisation. Why these abuses could stay unhealable? Not because of their victims’
fragility but because society knowing remained passive, not actively enough stopping and
preventing.
liv I searched the web, randomly and openly to have a vision of not only the academic debates
but also a more popular or journalistic approach. I have consistently searched academic
libraries. In addition, I browsed the net in order to address more specific questions and to
substantiate my thesis or suppositions, to bring about precise evidence or to deepen analysis,
possibilities and limitations. I found that the web was poor in information. This subject
brought often ‘no results’ in academic sites or results but within what will be view as
‘unqualified’, informal websites.
 to present[2]1Googlegoogle.comgoogle.comSearchEnglish2014, May (or earlier) to present[3]1Google Mapsgoogle.commaps.google.comMapsEnglish2014, May (or earlier) to present[4]1Google Docsgoogle.comdocs.google.comSharingEnglish2011, May (or earlier) to present[5]1Google Drivegoogle.comdrive.google.comSharingEnglish2012, May to present[6]1Google Encryptedgoogle.comencrypted.google.comSearchEnglish2011, March (or earlier) to present[7]1Google APIsgoogle.com*.googleapis.comSearchEnglish2014, September (or earlier) to present[8]1Google+google.complus.google.comSocialEnglish2011, July to present[9]1Google Sitesgoogle.comsites.google.comWEB HOSTINGEnglish2011, March (or earlier) to present[10]1Picasagoogle.compicasaweb.google.comSharingEnglish2009, July to present[11]2Facebookfacebook.comwww.facebook.comSocialEnglish2008, July to present3YouTubeyoutube.comwww.youtube.comSharingEnglish2009, March to present[12][13][14][15]4Yahoo! Taiwanyahoo.comtw.yahoo.comPortalChinese2011, May (or earlier) to 2014, Jan[16]4Yahoo! Hong Kongyahoo.comhk.yahoo.comPortalChinese2011, March (or earlier) to 2014, Jan[17]6Mobile Wikipediawikipedia.orgmobile.wikipedia.orgOtherEnglish2011, May (or earlier) to 2012[18]168907Culture Unplugged Film Festivalcultureunplugged.comfestival.cultureunplugged.comDocumentary PortalEnglish2013, January (or earlier) to present8Twittertwitter.comtwitter.comSocialEnglish2009, June to present[13][19][20]11Blogspotblogspot.comblogspot.comBlogEnglish2009, May to present[13][14][21]16Yahoo! Japanyahoo.co.jpyahoo.co.jpPortalJapanese2012, 15–17 June20T.cot.cot.coOtherEnglish2011, May (or earlier) to 2012[22]21Google Japangoogle.co.jpgoogle.co.jpSearchJapanese2012, 15–17 June22Bing.combing.combing.comSearchEnglish2014, August to present (partially blocked) Automatic redirect to cn.bing.com [23]25WordPresswordpress.comwordpress.comBlogEnglish2011, October to Present [24]51XVideosxvideos.comwww.xvideos.comPornEnglish2011, March (or earlier) to present[25]52FC2fc2.comwww.fc2.comBlogJapanese2011, March (or earlier) to 2012[26]54xHamsterxhamster.comwww.xhamster.comPornEnglish2011, March (or earlier) to 2012[27]71The Pirate Baythepiratebay.sethepiratebay.seSharingEnglish2012, February (or earlier) to 2012[28]75Rakuten Marketrakuten.co.jprakuten.co.jpShoppingJapanese2012, 15–17 June, September ?? to 19?94Amazon Japanamazon.co.jpamazon.co.jpShoppingJapanese2012, 15–17 June110Dropboxdropbox.comwww.dropbox.comSharingEnglish2014, June (or earlier) to present[29]112Vimeovimeo.comwww.vimeo.comSharingEnglish2009, October [30] to present188SoundCloudsoundcloud.comwww.soundcloud.comAudioEnglishSeptember 2013 to present[31][32]219Nico Videonicovideo.jpnicovideo.jpSharingJapaneseUnknown to Unknown, Unblocked223Archive.orgarchive.orgwww.archive.orgOtherEnglish2011, April (or earlier) to 2012[33]225Scribdscribd.comscribd.comSharingEnglish2011, February (or earlier) to Unknown, Unblocked[34]227isoHuntisohunt.comisohunt.comSharingEnglish2012, April to 2012; also previously blocked and unblocked[35]257XINGxing.comwww.xing.comSocialGerman2011, April (or earlier) to 2012[36]277hardsextubehardsextube.comwww.hardsextube.comPornEnglish2011, April to 2012[37]282drtuberdrtuber.comwww.drtuber.comPornEnglish2011, April to 2012[38]429Wretchwretch.ccwww.wretch.ccBlogChinese2007, August to 2012[39]553Google Appspotappspot.comappspot.comWEB HOSTINGEnglishUnknown to Unknown, Unblocked564Yomiuri Newsyomiuri.co.jpyomiuri.co.jpPublicationJapanese2012, 15–17 June610Ustream.tvustream.tvwww.ustream.tvSharingEnglish2011, April (or earlier) to 2012[40]623excite (Japan)excite.co.jpexcite.co.jpPortalJapanese2012, 15 June to 17 June, September ?? - 18633Sponichi Newssponichi.co.jpsponichi.co.jpPublicationJapanese2012, 15–17 June660Nikkei BP Japannikkeibp.co.jpnikkeibp.co.jpPublicationJapanese2012, 15–17 June713GeoCities (Japan)geocities.jpg)
inthenameofhumanrights 
